Klinik Takım Yapılanması İçin Stratejiler: Tıpta Takımların Önemi
Özet
Ekipler ve ekip çalışması sağlık bakımında fark yaratabilir. Bir ekibin bir gruptan nasıl üstün olduğunu ve ekip çalışması yoluyla başarılı olunabileceğini anlamak, tıbbi sağlayıcılar ve hastalar için fark yaratacaktır. Başarılı ekiplere sahip olmak, bir organizasyonun her düzeyinde doğru liderliğe ve desteğe sahip olmak anlamına gelir. Aynı zamanda, ortak hedefler gerçekleştirmek için sıkı çalışma ve taahhüt de gereklidir. Etkili ekipler başlatmak ve geliştirmek isteyenler için özel eğitim ve ekip araçları mevcuttur. Ekiplerin bakımı, sürekli eğitim, izleme ve uyarlanabilirlik gerektirir. Ekiplerin yanlış kurulması ve gözlenmesinde başarısızlık tehlikesi vardır ve gelişigüzel bir yaklaşım genellikle başarısız ekiplere neden olur. Başarısızlıklar, alaya ve zaman ve kaynak israfına neden olabilir. Ancak başarılı ekipler verimlilikte aynı zamanda personelin ve hastanın memnuniyetinde fark yaratacaktır ve tıbbi organizasyonlardaki başarılı değişimin ayrılmaz bir parçası olabilir. Takımlar ve takım çalışması, keşfedilmeye ve benimsenmeye değerdir , çünkü tıbbın içinde evrim geçiren meydan okumalarla karşı karşıyayız.
Referanslar
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Pub. L. 111–148, 124U. Stat. 119, March 30, 2010.
Institute of Medicine. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2011.
Fuchs VR. Government payment for health care: causes and consequences. New England Journal of Medicine 2010; 363: 2181–3.
Newhouse J. Medical costs and medical markets: another view. New England Journal of Medicine 1979; 300: 855–6.
Goldman D, Sood H. Rising health care costs: are we in a crisis? Health Affairs 2006; 25: 389–90.
Shortwell S. Health care reform requires accountable care systems. JAMA 2008; 300: 95–7.
Royal College of Physicians and Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. The Future of Academic Medicine: Five Scenarios to 2025. London: The Colleges, 2004.
Mountford J, Davies C. Towards an outcomes based health care system: a view from the United Kingdom. JAMA 2010; 304: 2407–8.
Kaplan JP, Fleming D. Current and future public health challenges. JAMA 2000; 284: 1696–8.
Connors E, Goston L. Health care reform: an historic moment in U.S. social policy. JAMA 2010; 30: 2521–2.
Dynamics Research Corporation. Emergency Team Coordination Course. Andover, MA: Dynamics Research Corporation, 1997.
Risser DT, Rice MM, Salisbury ML, et al. The potential for improved teamwork to reduce medical errors in the emergency department. The MEDTEAMS research consortium. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1999; 34: 373–83.
Brannick M, Prince C. An overview of team performance measurement. In MT Brannick, E Salas, CW Prince, eds., Team Performance Assessment and Measurement. Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum, 1997; 3–16.
Institute of Medicine. Leadership Commitments to Improve Value in Healthcare: Finding Common Ground. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2010.
Jay GD, Berns SD, Morey JC, et al. Formal teamwork training improves teamwork and reduces emergency department errors. Academic Emergency Medicine 1999; 6: 408.
Hellriegel D, Slocum J, Woodman R. Organizational culture. In Organizational Behavior, 9th edn. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western Publishing, 2001.
Spear, S, Learning to lead at Toyota. Harvard Business Review 2004; 82 (5): 78–9. 18. Katzenbach JR, Smith DK. The Wisdom of Teams: Creating the High-Performance Organization. New York, NY: Harper Collins, 1994.
Helmreich RL, Wilhelm JA, Gregorich SE, Chidester TR. Preliminary results from the evaluation of Cockpit Resources Management Training: performance ratings of flight crews. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 1990; 61: 576–9.
Helmreich RL, Schaefer HG. Team performance in the operating room. In MS Bogner, ed., Human Error In Medicine. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1994: 225–53.
Rice M. Teams and teamwork in emergency medicine. In P Croskerry, KS Cosby, SM Schenkel, RL Wears, eds., Patient Safety in Emergency Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009; 177–80.
Henry H. Lessons from Team Leaders: a Team Fitness Companion. Milwaukee, WI: ASQ Quality Press, 1998.
Ratliff RL, Beckstand SM, Hanks SH. The use and management of teams: a how-to guide. Quality Progress June 1999: 31–8.
Kirkman B, Rosen B. Beyond selfmanagement: antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Academy of Management Journal 1999; 43: 58–74.
Wetlaufer S. Organizing for empowerment: an interview with AFS’s Roger San and Dennis Bakke. Harvard Business Review January–February, 1999: 110–23.
Firth-Cozens J. Celebrating teamwork. Quality in Healthcare 1998; 7: S3–7.
Morey JC, Simon R, Jay GD, et al. Error Error reduction and performance improvement in the emergency department through formal teamwork training: evaluation results of the MedTeams project. Health Services Research 2002; 37: 1553–81.
Gersick CJ. Time and transition in work teams: toward a new model of group development. Academy of Management Journal 1988; 31: 9–41.
Tuckman B, Jensen M. Stages of small group development revisited. Group and Organization Studies 1977; 2: 419–27.
Montebello AR. Work Teams That Work, Minneapolis, MS: Best Sellers, 1994.
Herbelin S, Guiney P, eds. The Do’s and Don’ts of Work Team Coaching. Riverbank, CA: Herbelin, 1998.
Ezzamel M, Willmott H. Accounting for team-work: a critical study of group-based systems of organizational control. Administrative Science Quarterly 1998; 43: 358–96.
Feldman DC. The development and enforcement of group norms. Academy Management Review 1984; 9: 47–53.
Spich R, Leleman R. Explicit norm structuring process: a strategy for increasing task-group effectiveness. Group and Organization Studies 1985; 10: 37–9.
Besser TL. Team Toyota, Ithaca, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996.
Cannon-Bowers J, Salas E, eds. Making Decisions Under Stress: Implications for Individual and Team Training. Hyattsville, MD: American Psychological Association, 1999.
Denton DK. How a team can grow. Quality Progress June 1999: 53–8.
Gibson CB. Do they do what they believe they can? Group efficacy and group effectiveness across tasks and cultures. Academy of Management Journal 1999; 42: 138–52.
Xaio Y, Hunter WA, Mackenzie CF, Jefferies NJ, Horst RL. Task complexity in emergency care and its implications for team coordination. Human Factors 1996; 38: 636–45.
Rose E, Buckley S. 50 Ways to Teach Your Learner: Activities and Interventions For Building High- Performance Teams. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1999.
Purser R, Cabana S. The Self Managing Organizations: How Leasing Companies are Transforming The Work of Teams for Real Impact. New York, NY: Free Press, 1999.
Senders JW. On the complexity of medical devices and systems. Qualty and Safety in Health Care 2006; 15 (suppl.1): 41–3.
Martin J. Cultures in Organizations. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Hellriegel D, Jackson SE, Slocum JW. Management, 8th edn. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western Publishing, 1999; 624–8.
Kraft R. Utilizing Self-Managing Teams: Effective Behavior of Team Leaders. Hamden, CN: Garland, 1999.
Vogus TJ, Sutcliffe KM. The safety organization: development and validation of a behavioral measure of safety culture in hospital nursing units. Medical Care 2007; 45: 46–54.
Vogus TJ, Welbourne TM. Structuring for high reliability: HR practice and mindful process in reliability-seeking organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior 2003; 24: 877–903.
Schulman P. The negotiated order of organizational reliability. Administration and Society 1993; 25: 353–72.
TeamSTEPPS. Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. http://teamstepps.ahrq.gov.
Murphy K. Individual Differences and Behavior in Organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1996.
Hackman JR. Group influences on individuals. In MD Dunnette, LM Hough, eds., Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2nd edn., vol. 2. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1992: 199–267.
Edmondson A. Psychological safety and learning behaviors in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly 1999; 44: 358–83.
Hambrick DC. Fragmentation and the other problems CEOs have with their top management teams. California Management Review Spring 1995; P110–127.
Harrison D, Price KH, Bell MP. Beyond relational demography: time and the effect of surface and deep level diversity on work group cohesions. Academy of Management Journal 1998; 41: 96–108.
Referanslar
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Pub. L. 111–148, 124U. Stat. 119, March 30, 2010.
Institute of Medicine. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2011.
Fuchs VR. Government payment for health care: causes and consequences. New England Journal of Medicine 2010; 363: 2181–3.
Newhouse J. Medical costs and medical markets: another view. New England Journal of Medicine 1979; 300: 855–6.
Goldman D, Sood H. Rising health care costs: are we in a crisis? Health Affairs 2006; 25: 389–90.
Shortwell S. Health care reform requires accountable care systems. JAMA 2008; 300: 95–7.
Royal College of Physicians and Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. The Future of Academic Medicine: Five Scenarios to 2025. London: The Colleges, 2004.
Mountford J, Davies C. Towards an outcomes based health care system: a view from the United Kingdom. JAMA 2010; 304: 2407–8.
Kaplan JP, Fleming D. Current and future public health challenges. JAMA 2000; 284: 1696–8.
Connors E, Goston L. Health care reform: an historic moment in U.S. social policy. JAMA 2010; 30: 2521–2.
Dynamics Research Corporation. Emergency Team Coordination Course. Andover, MA: Dynamics Research Corporation, 1997.
Risser DT, Rice MM, Salisbury ML, et al. The potential for improved teamwork to reduce medical errors in the emergency department. The MEDTEAMS research consortium. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1999; 34: 373–83.
Brannick M, Prince C. An overview of team performance measurement. In MT Brannick, E Salas, CW Prince, eds., Team Performance Assessment and Measurement. Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum, 1997; 3–16.
Institute of Medicine. Leadership Commitments to Improve Value in Healthcare: Finding Common Ground. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2010.
Jay GD, Berns SD, Morey JC, et al. Formal teamwork training improves teamwork and reduces emergency department errors. Academic Emergency Medicine 1999; 6: 408.
Hellriegel D, Slocum J, Woodman R. Organizational culture. In Organizational Behavior, 9th edn. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western Publishing, 2001.
Spear, S, Learning to lead at Toyota. Harvard Business Review 2004; 82 (5): 78–9. 18. Katzenbach JR, Smith DK. The Wisdom of Teams: Creating the High-Performance Organization. New York, NY: Harper Collins, 1994.
Helmreich RL, Wilhelm JA, Gregorich SE, Chidester TR. Preliminary results from the evaluation of Cockpit Resources Management Training: performance ratings of flight crews. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 1990; 61: 576–9.
Helmreich RL, Schaefer HG. Team performance in the operating room. In MS Bogner, ed., Human Error In Medicine. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1994: 225–53.
Rice M. Teams and teamwork in emergency medicine. In P Croskerry, KS Cosby, SM Schenkel, RL Wears, eds., Patient Safety in Emergency Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009; 177–80.
Henry H. Lessons from Team Leaders: a Team Fitness Companion. Milwaukee, WI: ASQ Quality Press, 1998.
Ratliff RL, Beckstand SM, Hanks SH. The use and management of teams: a how-to guide. Quality Progress June 1999: 31–8.
Kirkman B, Rosen B. Beyond selfmanagement: antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Academy of Management Journal 1999; 43: 58–74.
Wetlaufer S. Organizing for empowerment: an interview with AFS’s Roger San and Dennis Bakke. Harvard Business Review January–February, 1999: 110–23.
Firth-Cozens J. Celebrating teamwork. Quality in Healthcare 1998; 7: S3–7.
Morey JC, Simon R, Jay GD, et al. Error Error reduction and performance improvement in the emergency department through formal teamwork training: evaluation results of the MedTeams project. Health Services Research 2002; 37: 1553–81.
Gersick CJ. Time and transition in work teams: toward a new model of group development. Academy of Management Journal 1988; 31: 9–41.
Tuckman B, Jensen M. Stages of small group development revisited. Group and Organization Studies 1977; 2: 419–27.
Montebello AR. Work Teams That Work, Minneapolis, MS: Best Sellers, 1994.
Herbelin S, Guiney P, eds. The Do’s and Don’ts of Work Team Coaching. Riverbank, CA: Herbelin, 1998.
Ezzamel M, Willmott H. Accounting for team-work: a critical study of group-based systems of organizational control. Administrative Science Quarterly 1998; 43: 358–96.
Feldman DC. The development and enforcement of group norms. Academy Management Review 1984; 9: 47–53.
Spich R, Leleman R. Explicit norm structuring process: a strategy for increasing task-group effectiveness. Group and Organization Studies 1985; 10: 37–9.
Besser TL. Team Toyota, Ithaca, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996.
Cannon-Bowers J, Salas E, eds. Making Decisions Under Stress: Implications for Individual and Team Training. Hyattsville, MD: American Psychological Association, 1999.
Denton DK. How a team can grow. Quality Progress June 1999: 53–8.
Gibson CB. Do they do what they believe they can? Group efficacy and group effectiveness across tasks and cultures. Academy of Management Journal 1999; 42: 138–52.
Xaio Y, Hunter WA, Mackenzie CF, Jefferies NJ, Horst RL. Task complexity in emergency care and its implications for team coordination. Human Factors 1996; 38: 636–45.
Rose E, Buckley S. 50 Ways to Teach Your Learner: Activities and Interventions For Building High- Performance Teams. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1999.
Purser R, Cabana S. The Self Managing Organizations: How Leasing Companies are Transforming The Work of Teams for Real Impact. New York, NY: Free Press, 1999.
Senders JW. On the complexity of medical devices and systems. Qualty and Safety in Health Care 2006; 15 (suppl.1): 41–3.
Martin J. Cultures in Organizations. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Hellriegel D, Jackson SE, Slocum JW. Management, 8th edn. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western Publishing, 1999; 624–8.
Kraft R. Utilizing Self-Managing Teams: Effective Behavior of Team Leaders. Hamden, CN: Garland, 1999.
Vogus TJ, Sutcliffe KM. The safety organization: development and validation of a behavioral measure of safety culture in hospital nursing units. Medical Care 2007; 45: 46–54.
Vogus TJ, Welbourne TM. Structuring for high reliability: HR practice and mindful process in reliability-seeking organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior 2003; 24: 877–903.
Schulman P. The negotiated order of organizational reliability. Administration and Society 1993; 25: 353–72.
TeamSTEPPS. Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. http://teamstepps.ahrq.gov.
Murphy K. Individual Differences and Behavior in Organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1996.
Hackman JR. Group influences on individuals. In MD Dunnette, LM Hough, eds., Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2nd edn., vol. 2. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1992: 199–267.
Edmondson A. Psychological safety and learning behaviors in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly 1999; 44: 358–83.
Hambrick DC. Fragmentation and the other problems CEOs have with their top management teams. California Management Review Spring 1995; P110–127.
Harrison D, Price KH, Bell MP. Beyond relational demography: time and the effect of surface and deep level diversity on work group cohesions. Academy of Management Journal 1998; 41: 96–108.
