How Does Birth Type Affect Newborn And Child Health?
Özet
This review evaluates the short- and long-term effects of delivery methods—specifically vaginal delivery, operative vaginal delivery (forceps/vacuum), and cesarean section—on newborn and child health. Vaginal delivery aligns naturally with maternal physiology, offering short-term benefits like faster maternal-infant skin-to-skin contact, lower risks of respiratory problems (such as respiratory distress syndrome and transient tachypnea), and improved immunity via beneficial vaginal microbiota exposure. Conversely, operative vaginal delivery utilizes instruments to accelerate labor under medical indicators; however, it poses risks of neonatal trauma, scalp lacerations, cephalohematoma, and rare long-term neurological complications. Cesarean section serves as a critical, life-saving surgical procedure when complications arise, helping prevent skeletal fractures or severe fetal distress. Nevertheless, its increasing global usage presents distinct disadvantages, including short-term fetal depression due to anesthesia, reduced thoracic air volume, delayed neurological adaptation, and a higher likelihood of intensive care admission. Long-term risks associated with cesarean births include higher rates of asthma, type 1 diabetes, obesity, and potential learning or behavioral challenges during school age. Ultimately, because each childbirth process is entirely unique, the mode of delivery must be determined individually, prioritizing the mother's preferences alongside close collaboration among physicians, midwives, and nurses.
Referanslar
ACOG (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists). Operative vaginal delivery 2015. Practice Bulletin No. 154. Obstet. Gynecol. 2015;126(5):56–65 (10.10.2022 tarihinde https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/2015/11000/Practice_Bulletin_No__154__Operative_Vaginal.50.aspx adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Alfirevic Z, Milan SJ, Livio S. Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preterm birth in singletons. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2013; 9:CD000078.
Atta J, Yousfanı ZA, Das K, et al. Impact of mode of delivery on the neonatal and maternal outcomes: A cross-sectional study. Vacuum. 2022; 16(1):1394-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221611394.
Aynaci E, Sancak R, Bek Y, Küçüködük ŞU, Yildiran A. Does mode of delivery affect asthma developing in children who had neonatal sepsis?. Asthma Allergy Immunology. 2012; 10(1):31-37.
Betran AP, Ye J, Moller AB, et al. Trends and projections of caesarean section rates: global and regional estimates. BMJ Global Health. 2021; 6:e005671.
Bostan FS, Kabukcuoğlu K. Factors relating to childbirth self efficacy among pregnant women: A CHAID analysis. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2022; 1-8. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2022.2109412.
Cho CE, Norman M. Cesarean section and development of the immune system in the offspring. Am J. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;208(4):249-54. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.08.009.
Cuppari C, Manti S, Salpietro A, et al. Mode of delivery and risk for development of atopic diseases in children. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 2015; 36(5): 344-351. doi: 10.2500/aap.2015.36.3870.
Çakmak B, Arslan S, Nacar MC. Kadınların isteğe bağlı sezaryen konusundaki görüşleri. Fırat Tıp Dergisi. 2014; 19,:122-125.
Çetin O, Zebitay AG, Yücel O, et al. Operatif vajinal doğum: Beş yıllık deneyim. Perinatoloji Dergisi. 2012; 20(2):55-58. doi:10.2399/prn.12.0202001.
Dahlgren LS, Dadelszen PV, Christilaw J, et al. Caesarean Section on Maternal Request: Risks and Benefits in Healthy Nulliparous Women and Their Infants. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2009; 31(9):808–817.
Dahlke JD, Mendez-Figueroa H, Rouse DJ, et al. Evidence-based surgery for cesarean delivery: an updated systematic review. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013; 209(4):294-306.
Davies J, Kadir RA. Mode of delivery and cranial bleeding in newborns with haemophilia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the literature. Haemophilia. 2016; 22(1): 32-38. doi: 10.1111/hae.12726.
Demirgöz Bal M, Dereli Yılmaz S, Kızılkaya Beji N. Kadınların sezaryen doğum tercihleri. Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi. 2013; 21(2):139-146.
Dhai A, Gardner J, Guidozzi Y, et al. Vaginal deliveries: Is there a need for documented consent?. South African Medical Journal. 2011;101(1):20-22.
Durukan T, Aksan G. Operatif Doğum. In: Ayhan A., Durukan T, Günalp S, Gürgan T, Önderoğlu LS, Yaralı H, Yüce K. (eds.) Temel Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Bilgisi. Ankara: Öncü Basımevi; 2008. p. 412-6.
Erenel AŞ, Çiçek S. Doğum eylemine yapılan müdahalelerin anne ve çocuk sağlığına etkileri. SDU Journal of Health Science Institute. 2018; 9(2):123-129.
Gregory KD, Jackson S, Korst L, et al. Cesarean versus vaginal delivery: Whose risks? Whose benefits?. American Journal of Perinatology. 2012;29(1):7-18. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1285829.
Kaya Şenol D, Aslan E. Normal doğum sonrası perinenin değerlendirilmesi. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi. 2015;12(1): 7-10. doi:10.5222/HEAD.2015.007.
Khafipour E, Ghia JE. Mode of delivery and inflammatory disorders. J Immunol. 2013;1(1004),1-9.
Kıyak Çağlayan E, Kara M, Cihan Gürel Y. Evaluation of risk factors and potential complications after cesarean operations in our clinic. Medical Journal of Bakırköy. 2011;7: 65-68. doi:10.5350/BTDMJB201107205.
Kirollos DW, Abdel-Latif ME. Mode of delivery and outcomes of infants with gastroschisis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2017; 1-9. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2016-312394.
Lionetti E, Castellaneta S, Francavilla R, et al. Mode of delivery and risk of celiac disease: risk of celiac disease and age at gluten ıntroduction cohort study. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2017; 184: 81-86. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.01.023.
Liu F, Yang X, Tang A, et al. Association between mode of delivery and astigmatism in preschool children. Acta Ophthalmologica. 2017; 1-4. doi: 10.1111/aos.13552.
Liu X, Landon MB, Cheng W, et al. Cesarean delivery on maternal request in China: What are the risks and benefits?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212(6):1-9. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.01.043.
Majzoobi MM, Majzoobi MR, Nazari-Pouya F, et al. Comparing quality of life in women after vaginal delivery and cesarean section. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health. 2014;2(4):207-214.
Negrini R, da Silva Ferreira RD, Guimarães DZ. Value-based care in obstetrics: comparison between vaginal birth and caesarean section. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2021; 21(1): 1-10.
Neu J, Rushing J. Cesarean versus vaginal delivery: long-term infant outcomes and the hygiene hypothesis. Clinics in Perinatology. 2011; 38(2):321-331. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2011.03.008.
Offermann H, Gebauer C, Pulzer F, et al. Cesarean section increases the risk of respiratory adaptive disorders in healthy late preterm and two groups of mature newborns. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2015;219:259-65.
Palas Karaca, P, Genç Koyuncu R. Sağlık hizmetleri meslek yüksekokulunda okuyan öğrencilerin doğum şekli tercihlerine yönelik düşüncelerinin belirlenmesi. Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi. 2015; 3(1):4-11.
Pei Z, Heinrich J, Fuertes E, et al. Cesarean delivery and risk of childhood obesity. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2014; 164(5): 1068-73. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.12.044.
Prado DS, Mendes RB, Gurgel RQ, et al. The influence of mode of delivery on neonatal and maternal short and long-term outcomes. Revista de Saude Publica. 2018; 52.
Sanhal CY, Kazandı M, İtil İM. Vakum ekstraksiyonuyla vajinal doğum. Türk Jinekoloji ve Obstetrik Derneği Dergisi. 2011;8 (4):231- 237. doi: 10.5505/tjod.2011.94546
Schuller C, Känel N, Müller O, et al. Stress and pain response of neonates after spontaneous birth and vacuum-assisted and caesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol.. 2012;207:1-6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.08.024
Serçe Ö, Benzer D, Gürsoy T, et al. Çok düşük doğum ağırlıklı bebeklerde doğum şeklinin klinik seyir üzerine etkisi. İKSST Dergisi. 2014;6(1):30-36. doi:10.5222/İKSST.2014.030.
Son M, Grobman WA, Miller ES. Is mode of delivery associated with the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis?. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2016;215(3): 389e1-e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2016.04.058.
Taşkın L. Doğum ve kadın sağlığı hemşireliği. Ankara:Özyurt Matbaacılık; 2014; p.275.
Thavarajah H, Flatley C,Kumar S. The relationship between the five minute Apgar score, mode of birth and neonatal outcomes. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2017; 1-7. doi:10.1080/14767058.2017.1315666.
Torloni MR, Daher S, Betrán AP, et al. Portrayal of caesarean section in Brazilian women’s magazines: 20 year review. BMJ. 2011;342:1-7. doi:10.1136/bmj.d276.
Vatansever Z, Okumuş H. Gebelerin doğum şekline karar verme durumlarının incelenmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi. 2013; 6(2): 81-87.
Walsh CA, Robson M, McAuliffe FM. Mode of delivery at term and adverse neonatal outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. 2013; 121:122–8.
Werner EF, Janevic TM, Illuzzi J, et al. Mode of delivery in nulliparous women and neonatal intracranial injury. Obstet Gynecol. 2011; 118:1239–46.
Younis MS, Elgari MM, Mohamed BA. Effect of delivery mode on newborns cord blood hematological parameters. Cukurova Med J. 2017; 42(4):737-742. doi: 10.17826/cutf.325747
Yüksel İT, Çetin BA, Şenol G, et al. Comparison of cesarean sections performed in the second stage of labor and vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery. European Archives of Medical Research. 2020; 36(1): 63-66.
