Dirsek Çıkıkları ve Terrible Triad Yaralanmaları

Yazarlar

Remzi Can Fakıoğlu

Özet

Dirsek çıkıkları, en sık karşılaşılan büyük eklem çıkıklarından biri olup, izole veya çevre kemik yapılarındaki kırıklarla birlikte kompleks biçimde meydana gelebilmektedir. Eklemin stabilitesi; kemik yapılar, medial ve lateral kollateral bağ kompleksleri gibi statik ögelerin yanı sıra biseps ve triseps gibi dinamik kas grupları tarafından sağlanır. Genellikle açık el üzerine düşme sonucu eksenel yüklenme, valgus stresi ve supinasyon kuvvetlerinin etkisiyle oluşan posterior çıkıklar tüm olguların yaklaşık yüzde doksanını oluşturmaktadır. Hem radius başı hem de ulnanın koronoid çıkıntı kırığının eşlik ettiği dirsek çıkıkları ise klinikte "korkunç üçlü (terrible triad)" olarak adlandırılır. Tanı aşamasında ön-arka ve yan grafiler ile redüksiyon sonrası bilgisayarlı tomografi incelemeleri kritik öneme sahipken, fiziki muayenede ulnar, median ve radial sinirlerin motor fonksiyonları titizlikle değerlendirilmelidir. Tedavide ilk seçenek sedasyon altında kapalı redüksiyon uygulamasıdır; ancak redükte edilemeyen olgular, instabil kırıklar ve vasküler yaralanma mevcudiyetinde cerrahi müdahale gereklidir. İmmobilizasyon süresinin üç haftadan az tutulması kontraktür gelişimini önlemede temel kuraldır; süreçte hareket kaybı, heterotopik ossifikasyon ve ulnar sinir nöropraksisi gibi komplikasyonlar gözlenebilir.

Elbow dislocations are among the most frequently encountered major joint dislocations and can occur either in an isolated form or as complex injuries accompanied by fractures of the surrounding bony structures. The stability of the joint is maintained by static elements, including the bony anatomy, medial and lateral collateral ligament complexes, as well as dynamic muscle groups such as the biceps and triceps. Posterior dislocations, which constitute approximately ninety percent of all cases, typically occur due to a fall on an outstretched hand under the influence of axial compression, valgus stress, and supination forces. An elbow dislocation accompanied by both a radial head fracture and a coronoid process fracture of the ulna is clinically termed the "terrible triad". In the diagnostic phase, anteroposterior and lateral radiographs, along with post-reduction computed tomography scans, are of critical importance, while the motor functions of the ulnar, median, and radial nerves must be meticulously evaluated during physical examination. The primary treatment option is closed reduction under sedation; however, surgical intervention is mandatory in cases that cannot be reduced, in unstable fractures, and when vascular injuries are present. Limiting the immobilization period to less than three weeks is a fundamental rule to prevent contracture development, and complications such as loss of motion, heterotopic ossification, and ulnar nerve neuropraxia may be observed during the process.

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27 Ocak 2023

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