Nesnelerin İnternetinde Yeni Gelişen Teknolojiler
Özet
Bu çalışma, Nesnelerin İnterneti (IoT) alanında son yıllarda öne çıkan yenilikçi teknolojileri, uygulama alanlarını ve geleceğe yönelik vizyonları kapsamlı bir şekilde incelemektedir. 2025 yılına kadar internete bağlı cihaz sayısının 75 milyara ulaşması beklenirken, geleneksel bulut bilişimin getirdiği bant genişliği ve gecikme sorunlarını aşmak amacıyla dağıtık kenar ve sis hesaplama mimarileri geliştirilmektedir. Yapay zeka ve otonom sistemler, üretilen devasa heterojen verilerin analizinde, sistem güvenliğinin gerçek zamanlı sağlanmasında ve kullanıcı deneyiminin kişiselleştirilmesinde kritik rol oynamaktadır. 5G ve 6G destekli hiperbağlantı ile dokunsal internet (Tactile IoT), ultra düşük gecikmeli haptik etkileşimler sunarak uzaktan hassas kontrol gerektiren sanayi ve sağlık uygulamalarını mümkün kılmaktadır. Fiziksel varlıkların sanal kopyalarını oluşturan dijital ikiz teknolojisi, akıllı şehirler ve imalat sektöründe maliyetli senaryoların simüle edilmesini sağlarken; artırılmış gerçeklik (AR), sanal gerçeklik (VR) ve Metaverse entegrasyonu siber-fiziksel dünyalar arasında kesintisiz etkileşim vadetmektedir. Dağıtık hesap defteri teknolojileri (DLT), kaynakları sınırlı IoT cihazları için merkeziyetsiz, ölçeklenebilir ve güvenli bir altyapı sunmaktadır. Nano ve biyo-nano nesnelerin interneti (IoNT/IoBNT), moleküler iletişim yöntemleriyle özellikle tele-tıp ve enfeksiyonların erken tespitinde çığır açıcı fırsatlar barındırırken, uçan nesnelerin interneti (IoFT) insansız hava araçlarını ağa dahil ederek afet yönetimi ve çevresel izlemede etkinliği artırmaktadır. Gelecek nesil IoT'nin yaygınlaşma süreci; insanı, etiği ve yeşil enerjiyi odağa alan multidisipliner bir yaklaşımı zorunlu kılmaktadır.
This study comprehensively examines the innovative technologies, application areas, and future visions that have emerged in the field of the Internet of Things (IoT) in recent years. While the number of connected devices is expected to reach 75 billion by 2025, distributed edge and fog computing architectures are being developed to overcome the bandwidth and latency problems of traditional cloud computing. Artificial intelligence and autonomous systems play a critical role in analyzing massive heterogeneous data, ensuring real-time system security, and personalizing the user experience. Hyperconnectivity supported by 5G and 6G, along with the Tactile Internet (Tactile IoT), enables ultra-low latency haptic interactions, making industrial and healthcare applications that require precise remote control possible. Digital twin technology, which creates virtual copies of physical assets, allows for the simulation of costly scenarios in smart cities and the manufacturing sector, while the integration of augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and the Metaverse promises seamless interaction between cyber and physical worlds. Distributed ledger technologies (DLT) offer a decentralized, scalable, and secure infrastructure for resource-constrained IoT devices. The Internet of Nano and Bio-Nano Things (IoNT/IoBNT) holds groundbreaking opportunities via molecular communication methods, particularly in telemedicine and early infection detection, whereas the Internet of Flying Things (IoFT) incorporates unmanned aerial vehicles into the network to increase efficiency in disaster management and environmental monitoring. The proliferation of next-generation IoT fundamentally necessitates a multidisciplinary approach focused on humans, ethics, and green energy.
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