Diş Hekimliğinde Kullanılan Peek ve Pekk Materyallerine Genel Bakış
Özet
Diş hekimliğinde protetik tedavilerde kullanılan yüksek performanslı polimerlerden PAEK ailesinin üyeleri PEEK ve PEKK materyalleri, kemiğe yakın düşük elastik modülleri, üstün biyouyumlulukları, şok emici özellikleri ve yüksek kimyasal kararlılıkları ile metallere, alaşımlara ve seramiklere alternatif olarak öne çıkmaktadır. PEEK ve PEKK, kalıplı enjeksiyon, ekstrüzyon ve kalıplı basınç gibi yöntemlerle işlenebilmekte; mekanik performanslarını, aşınma dirençlerini, radyoopasitelerini veya estetik renklerini geliştirmek amacıyla karbon fiber, cam fiber, titanyum dioksit ve baryum sülfat gibi çeşitli dolgu maddeleriyle güçlendirilebilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, bu materyallerin inert ve apolar yapıları, düşük yüzey enerjileri nedeniyle kompozit rezin ve veneer üst yapı malzemeleriyle doğrudan bağlanmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu adeziv bağ zayıflığını aşmak, yüzey ıslanabilirliğini ve mikro pürüzlülüğü artırarak kalıcı bir retansiyon sağlamak amacıyla adeziv/astar uygulamaları, Al2O3 ile kumlama, sülfürik veya hidroflorik asit uygulaması, iyonize gazlarla plazma tedavisi ve tribokimyasal silika kaplama gibi çeşitli yüzey hazırlama işlemleri zorunlu olarak uygulanmaktadır.
In dental prosthetics, PEEK and PEKK, high-performance thermoplastic polymers of the PAEK family, stand out as alternatives to metals, alloys, and ceramics due to their low elastic modulus close to bone, superior biocompatibility, shock-absorbing properties, and high chemical stability. PEEK and PEKK can be processed through injection molding, extrusion, and compression molding, and their mechanical performance, wear resistance, radiopacity, or aesthetic properties can be enhanced by incorporating fillers such as carbon fibers, glass fibers, titanium dioxide, and barium sulfate. However, the inert and non-polar nature of these materials, along with their low surface energy, makes direct bonding with composite resins and veneering superstructure materials highly challenging. To overcome this adhesive weakness and improve surface wettability and micro-roughness for durable retention, various surface conditioning methods are utilized, including adhesive/primer applications, sandblasting with Al2O3, hydrofluoric or sulfuric acid etching, plasma treatment with ionized gases, and tribochemical silica coating.
Referanslar
O'Brien WJ. Dental materials and their selection, Hanover Park, Quintessence Publishing,2004: 1-14.
Alsadon O, Wood D, Patrick D, & Pollington S. CoMParing the optical and mechanical properties of PEKK polymer when CAD/CAM milled and pressed using a ceramic pressing furnace. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, 2019; 89: 234-236.
Kurtz SM. An overview of PEEK biomaterials. In PEEK biomaterials handbook. USA: William Andrew Publishing, 2012:2-30.
Elmougy A, Schiemann AM, Wood D, Pollington S, & Martin N. Characterisation of machinable structural polymers in restorative dentistry. Dent mater, 2010;34(10): 1509-1517.
Mata F, Gaitonde VN, Karnik SR, Davim JP. Influence of cutting conditions on machinability aspects of PEEK, PEEK CF 30 and PEEK GF 30 composites using PCD tools. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2009;209(4):1980-1987.
Schwitalla AD, Spintig T, Kallage I, Müller WD. Flexural behavior of PEEK materials for dental application. Dent Mater, 2015; 31(11):1377-1384.
Lee KS, Shin MS, Lee JY, Ryu JJ, Shin SW. Shear bond strength of composite resin to high performance polymer PEKK according to surface treatments and bonding materials. J Adv Prostet, 2017:9(5):350-357.
Gamstedt EK, Berglund LA, Peijs T. Fatigue mechanisms in unidirectional glassfibre-reinforced polypropylene. Composites Science and Technology, 1999;59(5):759- 768.
Gao SL, Mäder E. Characterisation of interphase nanoscale property variations in glass fibre reinforced polypropylene and epoxy resin composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2004;33(4):559-576
Yu S, Hariram KP, Kumar R, Cheang P, & Aik KK. In vitro apatite formation and its growth kinetics on hydroxyapatite/polyetheretherketone biocomposites. Biomaterials, 2005;26(15):2343-2352.
Kurtz Steven M and John N Devine. PEEK biomaterials in trauma, orthopedic, and spinal implants biomaterials 2007; 28.32 :4845-4869.
Rodriguez F, Cohen C, Ober CK, & Archer L. Principles of Polymer Systems 5th Edition. Taylor & Francis US. 2003
Fokas G, Guo CY, & Tsoi JK. The effects of surface treatments on tensile bond strength of polyether-ketone-ketone (PEKK) to veneering resin. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, 2019;93:1-8.
Güven MÇ, Dayan SÇ, Yıldırım G, & Mumcu E. Custom and prefabricated PolyEtherKetoneKetone (PEKK) post‐core systems bond strength: Scanning electron microscopy evaluation. Microsc Res Tech, 2020;83(7):804-810.
Kern M, Lehmann F. Influence of surface conditioning on bonding to polyetheretherketon (PEEK). Dent Mater, 2012;28(12):1280-1283.
Stawarczyk B, Beuer F, Wimmer T, Jahn D, Sener B, Roos M et al "Polyetheretherketone a suitable material for fixed dental prostheses." J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Applied Biomaterials ,2013; 101.7 :1209-1216
Hallmann L, Mehl A, Sereno N, Hämmerle CHF.The improvement of adhesive properties of PEEK through different pre-treatments. Appl Surf Sci, 2012;258:7213-7218.
Rosentritt M, Preġs V, Behr M, Sereno N, Kolbeck C. Shear bond strength between veneering composite and PEEK after different surface modifications. Clin Oral Investig,2015;19:739-744.
Stawarczyk B, Silla M, Roos M, Eichberger M, & Lümkemann N. Bonding behaviour of polyetherketoneketone to methylmethacrylate-and dimethacrylate-based polymers. J Adhes Dent,2017; 19: 331-8.
Rocha RFV, Anami LC, Campos TMB, MelonRMD, Souza RODA, Bottino M. Bonding of the polymer polyetheretherketone (PEEK) to human dentin: effect of surface treatments. Braz Dent J, 2016;27(6):693-699
Liebermann A, Wimmern T, Schmidlin PR, Scherer H, Roos M, & Stawarczyk B. Physicomechanical characterization of polyetheretherketone and current esthetic dental CAD/CAM polymers after aging in different storage media. J prosthet dent, 2016;115(3): 321-328.
Amaral R, Özcan M, Bottino MA, Valandro LF. Microtensile bond strength of a resin cement to glass infiltrated zirconia-reinforced ceramic: the effect of surface conditioning. Dent Mater, 2016;22(3): 283-290
Uhrenbacher J, Schmidlin PR, Keul C, Eichberger M, Roos M, Stawarczyk B. The effect of surface modification on the retention strength of polyetheretherketone crowns adhesively bonded to dentin abutments. J Prosthet Dent, 2014;112(6):1489-1497
Schwitalla AD, Bötel F, Zimmermann T, Sütel M, Müller WD. The iMPact of argon/oxygen low-pressure plasma on shear bond strength between a veneering composite and different PEEK materials. Dent Mater, 2017;33(9): 990-994
Schmidlin PR, Eichberger M, Stawarczyk B. Glycine: A potential coupling agent to bond to helium plasma treated PEEK. Dent Mater, 2016;32(2):305-310.
Carvalho RM, Pegoraro TA, Tay FR, Pegoraro LF, Silva NRFA, Pashley DH. Adhesive permeability affects coupling of resin cements that utilise selfetching primers to dentine. J Prosthet Dent,2004;32(1): 55-65.
Della-Bona A. Characterizing ceramics and the interfacial adhesion to resin: II-the relationship of surface treatment, bond strength, interfacial toughness and fractography. Journal of Applied Oral Science, 2005;13(2): 101-109.
