Protetik Restorasyonlarda İlaveli Üretim İle Kullanılan Materyaller ve Uygulama Alanları
Özet
CAD-CAM eksiltmeli üretim yöntemlerinin materyal kaybı ve işleme kusurları gibi dezavantajlarına karşılık, diş hekimliğinde eklemeli üretim (3B baskı) teknolojileri daha ekonomik ve karmaşık yapılar üretebilen umut verici bir alternatif olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Dental uygulamalarda Stereolitografi (SLA), Dijital Işık İşleme (DLP), Materyal Püskürtme (PolyJet), Eriyik Yığma Modelleme (FDM), Seçici Lazer Sinterleme (SLS), Seçici Lazer Eritme (SLM) ve Elektron Işınlı Eritme (EBM) gibi farklı sıvı, toz veya katı bazlı teknolojiler kullanılmaktadır. Bu sistemlerin çözünürlük, hassasiyet ve doğrulukları; katman kalınlığı, baskı yönü ve materyal özelliklerine göre değişiklik gösterir. Üretim süreci genel olarak veri toplama, CAD ile veri işleme, 3B baskı ile üretim ve son sertleştirme/polisaj adımlarından oluşur. Hammadde olarak polimerler (PMMA, PEEK vb.) ve metaller (Co-Cr, Ti alaşımları) yaygınken, seramik ve kompozitlerin kullanımı henüz gelişim aşamasındadır. 3B baskı; kişisel kaşıklar, dental modeller, geçici/daimi sabit protezler, hareketli bölümlü ve total protezler, çene-yüz protezleri ile dental implant bileşenlerinin hem direkt hem de indirekt üretiminde başarıyla uygulanmakta, geleneksel yöntemlere kıyasla daha yüksek uyum, hassasiyet ve hasta memnuniyeti sağlamaktadır.
In contrast to the material loss and processing defects of subtractive CAD-CAM methods, additive manufacturing (3D printing) technologies have emerged in dentistry as a more economical alternative capable of producing complex structures. Various liquid, powder, or solid-based technologies, including Stereolithography (SLA), Digital Light Processing (DLP), Material Jetting (PolyJet), Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Selective Laser Melting (SLM), and Electron Beam Melting (EBM), are utilized in dental applications. The resolution, precision, and accuracy of these systems vary depending on layer thickness, build orientation, and material specifications. The production workflow generally comprises four stages: data acquisition, data processing via CAD, fabrication through 3D printing, and post-processing treatments such as post-curing and polishing. While polymers (e.g., PMMA, PEEK) and metals (e.g., Co-Cr, Ti alloys) are widely used as raw materials, the integration of ceramics and composites remains limited and requires further development. 3D printing is successfully applied in both direct and indirect fabrication of custom trays, dental models, fixed prostheses, removable partial and complete dentures, maxillofacial prostheses, and dental implants, offering superior fit, precision, and patient satisfaction compared to conventional methods.
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