Karpal İnstabiliteler

Yazarlar

Yiğit Erdağ
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3216-1637

Özet

Karpal instabiliteler, el ve el bileğini oluşturan kemik ve bağ yapılarının hareketleri sırasında ortaya çıkan, karmaşık, tedavi algoritmaları tam tanımlanamamış ve tartışmalı el cerrahisi konularından biridir. Tarihsel süreçte radyolojinin keşfiyle anlaşılmaya başlanan bu durum; hareket esnasında bağ ve kemik açı dengesinin bozulmasıyla hastada klinik şikayetlerin ve anormal dizilimlerin oluşması şeklinde tanımlanır. Durumu netleştirmek adına klinik, anatomik ve radyolojik parametrelere dayanan; Larsen, Linscheid, Mayo (Dobyns ve Cooney) ile Gilula arkları gibi çeşitli sınıflandırmalar geliştirilmiştir. Bu sınıflandırmalar instabiliteleri; oluş süresine (akut, subakut, kronik), derecesine (predinamik, dinamik, statik), etiyolojisine, konumuna, yönelimine (en sık görülen DISI ve VISI) ve mekanizmasına (disosiyatif-CID, disosiyatif olmayan-CIND, kompleks-CIC ve adaptif-CIA) göre alt gruplara ayırır. Tanı aşamasında ağrı ve hassasiyetin yanı sıra Skafoid (Watson) ve Catch-up clunk gibi klinik testler ile el bileği grafilerindeki "Terry Thomas belirtisi" veya "devrilen çay fincanı" gibi radyolojik bulgular kullanılır. Tedavi planlaması ise yaralanmanın evresine ve dönemine göre farklılık gösterir; akut dönemde kapalı, açık veya artroskopik osteosentez, bağ onarımı ve pinleme tercih edilirken, kronik dönemlerde ligament rekonstrüksiyonları, sınırlı interkarpal artrodezler, proksimal sıra karpektomiler ve son çare olarak el bileği artrodezi gibi cerrahi prosedürler uygulanmaktadır.

Carpal instabilities are complex, controversial hand surgery topics involving bones and ligaments of the hand and wrist, with treatment algorithms not yet fully defined. Understood better after the discovery of radiology, this condition is defined as the disruption of ligament and bone angle balance during movement, leading to clinical complaints and abnormal alignments. To clarify the condition, classifications like Larsen, Linscheid, Mayo (Dobyns and Cooney), and Gilula arcs have been developed based on clinical, anatomical, and radiological parameters. These classify instabilities by duration (acute, subacute, chronic), severity (predynamic, dynamic, static), etiology, location, orientation (most commonly DISI and VISI), and mechanism (dissociative-CID, non-dissociative-CIND, combined-CIC, and adaptive-CIA). Diagnosis utilizes pain, tenderness, clinical tests such as the Scaphoid (Watson) and Catch-up clunk tests, and radiological signs like the "Terry Thomas sign" or "tipped teacup" appearance. Treatment planning varies by stage; acute cases require closed, open, or arthroscopic osteosynthesis, ligament repair, and pinning, whereas chronic cases without severe arthrosis involve ligament reconstruction, limited intercarpal arthrodesis, proximal row carpectomy, or ultimately, wrist arthrodesis.

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13 Ekim 2022

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