Hidrosefaliye Cerrahi Yaklaşım ve İzlem
Özet
Hidrosefali, beyin omurilik sıvısı (BOS) dengesinin bozulmasıyla ventriküler sistemin genişlemesi ve kafa içi basıncın artması sonucu oluşan, çocukluk çağında sık görülen ciddi bir patolojidir. Tanısı radyolojik görüntüleme (USG, BT, MRG) ve klinik değerlendirme ile konulan bu durum, konjenital veya edinsel pek çok nedene bağlı olarak gelişebilir. Tedavi süreci, hidrosefalinin altta yatan nedenine ve hastanın durumuna göre cerrahi şant uygulamaları veya endoskopik üçüncü ventrikülostomi (ETV) yöntemleri ile yürütülür.
Hydrocephalus is a serious condition common in pediatrics, characterized by the enlargement of the ventricular system and increased intracranial pressure due to the disruption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) physiology. Diagnosis is established through radiological imaging (US, CT, MRI) and clinical evaluation, with the condition developing from various congenital or acquired causes. The treatment process is managed according to the underlying cause and the patient's condition, typically involving surgical shunt procedures or endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV).
Referanslar
Rekate HL. The definition and classification of hydrocephalus: a personal recommendation to stimulate debate. Cerebrospinal fluid research. 2008; 5(1): 1-7.
Wright Z, Larrew TW, Eskandari R. Pediatric Hydrocephalus: Current State of Diagnosis and Treatment. Pediatrics in review. 2016; 37(11): 478-490.
Kahle KT, Kulkarni AV, Limbrick Jr DD, et al. Hydrocephalus in children. The lancet. 2016; 387(10020) :788-799.
Aronyk KE. The history and classification of hydrocephalus. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1993;4(4):599-609.
Torack RM. Historical aspects of normal and abnormal brain fluids. I. Cerebrospinal fluid. Arch Neurol. 1982a; 39: 197–201.
Gjerris F, Sorrasson E. The history of hydrocephalus. J Hist Neurosci. 1992;1(4): 285- 312.
Aschoff A, Kremer P, Hashemi B, et al. The scientific history of hydrocephalus and its treatment. Neurosurg Rev. 1999; 22(2): 67- 93.
Dandy WE, Blackfan KD. An experimental and clinical study of internal hydrocephalus. JAMA. 1913; 61(25): 2216-7.
Simon TD, Riva-Cambrin J, Srivastava R, et al. Hospital care for children with hydrocephalus in the United States: utilization, charges, comorbidities, and deaths. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2008; 1(2): 131–37.
Jeng S, Gupta N, Wrensch M, et al. Prevalence of congenital hydrocephalus in California, 1991-2000. Pediatric neurology. 2011; 45(2): 67-71.
Tully HM, Dobyns WB. Infantile hydrocephalus: a review of epidemiology, classification and causes. Eur J Med Genet. 2014; 57: 359–68.
Munch TN, Rostgaard K, Rasmussen MLH, et al. Familial aggregation of congenital hydrocephalus in a nationwide cohort. Brain. 2012; 135(8): 2409-2415.
Dewan MC, Rattani A, Mekary R, et al. Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of neurosurgery. 2018; 130(4): 1065-1079.
Kulkarni AV, Riva-Cambrin J, Butler J, et al. Outcomes of CSF shunting in children: comparison of Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network cohort with historical controls. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2013; 12(4): 334–38.
Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y, et al. A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid beta. Sci Transl Med. 2012; 4(147): 147ra111- 147ra111.
Iliff JJ, Wang M, Zeppenfeld DM, et al. Cerebral arterial pulsation drives paravascular CSF-interstitial fluid exchange in the murine brain. J Neurosci. 2013; 33(46):18190- 18199.
Greitz D. Paradigm shift in hydrocephalus research in legacy of Dandy’s pioneering work: rationale for third ventriculostomy in communicating hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007; 23(5): 487–89.
Wagshul ME, Eide PK, Madsen JR. The pulsating brain: a review of experimental and clinical studies of intracranial pulsatility. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2011; 8(1): 1-23.
McAllister JP II. Pathophysiology of congenital and neonatal hydrocephalus. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012; 17(5): 285–294.
Flanders TM, Billinghurst L, Flibotte J, et al. Neonatal Hydrocephalus. NeoReviews. 2018; 19(8): e467-e477.
Garton HJL, Piatt JH. Hydrocephalus. Pediatric Clinics. 2004; 51(2): 305-325.
Weller S, Gartner J. Genetic and clinical aspects of X-linked hydrocephalus (L1 disease): mutations in the L1CAM gene. Human mutation. 2001; 18(1): 1-12.
Adle-Biassette H, Saugier-Veber P, Fallet-Bianco C, et al. Neuropathological review of 138 cases genetically tested for X-linked hydrocephalus: evidence for closely related clinical entities of unknown molecular bases. Acta Neuropathol. 2013; 126(3): 427–42.
Adzick NS, Thom EA, Spong CY, et al. A randomized trial of prenatal versus postnatal repair of myelomeningocele. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(11): 993–1004.
OI S, DI ROCCO C. Proposal of “evolution theory in cerebrospinal fluid dynamics” and minor pathway hydrocephalus in developing immature brain. Child's nervous system. 2006; 22(7): 662-669.
Çolak A. Hidrosefalide Klinik Bulgular, Tanı ve Ayırıcı Tanı. In: Baykaner MK, Erşahin Y, Mutluer S, Özek MM, eds. Pediatrik Nöroşirürji. 1. Baskı. Ankara. Türk Nöroşirürji Derneği Yayınları; 2014. p.59-62.
Oi S. A proposal of ‘’Multi-categorical Hydrocephalus Classification’’: Mc HC- critical review in 72,576,000 patterns of hydrocephalus. J Hydrocephalus. 2010; 2(1): 1-21.
Milhorat TH. Hydrocephalus: Pathophysiology and Clinical Features. In: Wilkins RH, Rengachary SS, eds. Neurosurgery. 2nd ed. USA: The McGraw-Hill; 1996. p.3625- 631.
Abou-Hamden A, Drake JM. Hydrocephalus. In: Albright AL, Pollack IF, Adelson PD, eds. Principles and practice of pediatric neurosurgery. 3rd ed. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers; 2015. p.89-99.
Kestle JR. Pediatric hydrocephalus: current management. Neurologic clinics. 2003; 21(4): 883-95.
Garne E, Loane M, Addor MC, et al. Congenital hydrocephalus--prevalence, prenatal diagnosis and outcome of pregnancy in four European regions. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2010; 14(2): 150–55.
Kelly EN, Allen VM, Seaward G, et al. Mild ventriculomegaly in the fetus, natural history, associated findings and outcome of isolated mild ventriculomegaly: a literature review. Prenat Diagn. 2001; 21(8): 697–700.
Garel C. Fetal cerebral biometry: normal parenchymal findings and ventricular size. Eur Radiol. 2005; 15(4): 809–813.
Dinçer A, Özek MM. Radiologic evaluation of pediatric hydrocephalus. Child's Nervous System. 2011; 27(10): 1543-1562.
Behrendt N, Zaretsky MV, West NA, et al. Ultrasound versus MRI: is there a difference in measurements of the fetal lateral ventricles?. JMatern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017; 30(3): 298–301.
Faggin R, Calderone M, Denaro L, et al. Long-term operative failure of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in pediatric patients: the role of cine phase-contrast MR imaging. Neurosurg Focus. 2011; 30(4): E1.
Mutluer S. Klinik ve tedavi. In: Korfalı E, Zileli M, eds. Temel Nöroşirürji. 2. Baskı. Ankara: Türk Nöroşirürji Derneği Yayınları; 2010. p.1911-21.
Mazzola CA, Choudhri AF, Auguste KI, et al. Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. Part 2: management of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in premature infants. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics. 2014; 14(Supplement_1): 8-23.
Poca MA, Sahuquillo J. Short-term medical management of hydrocephalus. Expert Opin Pharmacother . 2005; 6(9): 1525-38.
Kiening KL, Schoening WN, Lanksch WR, et al. Intracranial compliance as a bed-side monitoring technique in severely head-injured patients. In Intracranial Pressure and Brain Biochemical Monitoring. Springer, Vienna; 2002. p.177-180.
Kida E, Palminiello S, Golabek AA, et al. Carbonic anhydrase II in the developing and adult human brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2006; 65(7): 664-74.
Khan NA, Campbell NR, Frost SD, et al. Risk of intraoperative hypotension with loop diuretics: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med. 2010; 123 (11):1059. e1- 1059. e8.
International randomised controlled trial of acetazolamide and furosemide in posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation in infancy. International PHVD Drug Trial Group. Lancet. 1998; 352(9126): 433-40.
Behjati S, Emami-Naeini P, Nejat F, et al. Incidence of hydrocephalus and the need to ventriculoperitoneal shunting in premature infants with intraventricular hemorrhage: risk factors and outcome. Childs Nerv Syst. 2011; 27(6): 985–989.
Whitelaw A, Kennedy CR, Brion LP. Diuretic therapy for newborn infants with posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001; 2: CD002270- CD002270.
İzci Y. Hidrosefalinin Medikal Tedavisi. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of NeuroSurgery Special Topics. 2015; 5(1): 32-37.
Özek MM. İntraventriküler Kanama ve Posthemorajik Hidrosefali. In: Baykaner, MK, Erşahin Y, Mutluer S, Özek MM, eds. Pediatrik Nöroşirürji. 1. Baskı. Ankara. Türk Nöroşirürji Derneği Yayınları; 2014. p.63-74.
Köksal V, Öktem S. Ventriculosubgaleal shunt procedure and its long-term outcomes in premature infants with post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010; 26(11):1505-15.
Limbrick DD Jr, Mathur A, Johnston JM, et al. Neurosurgical treatment of progressive posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation in preterm infants: a 10-year single-institution study. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010; 6(3): 224–230.
Drake JM, Kestle JR, Milner R, et al. Randomized trial of cerebrospinal fluid shunt valve design in pediatric hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 1998; 43(2): 294-303.
Şahin A, Tumturk A, Çiftçi M, et al. Relationship Between Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Obstruction and Infection in Pediatric Patients with Hydrocephalus. Erciyes Med J. 2021; 43(1): 61-67.
Özek MM. Hidrosefalide Endoskopik III. Ventrikülostomi. In: Baykaner, MK, Erşahin Y, Mutluer S, Özek MM, eds. Pediatrik Nöroşirürji. 1. Baskı. Ankara. Türk Nöroşirürji Derneği Yayınları; 2014. p.92-9.
Kulkarni AV, Drake JM, Mallucci CL, et al. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of childhood hydrocephalus. J Pediatr. 2009; 155(2): 254–259.
Kulkarni AV, Riva-Cambrin J, Rozzelle CJ, et al. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization in infant hydrocephalus: a prospective study by the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018; 21(3): 214–223.
Warf BC. Congenital idiopathic hydrocephalus of infancy: the results of treatment by endoscopic third ventriculostomy with or without choroid plexus cauterization and suggestions for how it works. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013; 29: 935–40.
