Pediatrik Nöroradyoloji
Özet
Pediatrik nöroradyolojide sık karşılaşılan gelişimsel beyin malformasyonları, kortikal gelişim bozuklukları ve nörokutanöz sendromlar bu çalışmada kapsamlı bir şekilde incelenmektedir. Holoprozensefali, korpus kallozum disgenezisi, Dandy-Walker malformasyonu ve çeşitli nörometabolik hastalıkların radyolojik görüntüleme bulguları detaylandırılmıştır. Ayrıca yenidoğanlarda ve çocuklarda hipoksik iskemik ensefalopati, enfeksiyonlar ve spinal disrafizm gibi kritik patolojilerin tanısal yöntemleri ve klinik önemi ele alınmıştır. Görüntüleme tekniklerinin, özellikle MRG ve ultrasonografinin, bu hastalıkların teşhisindeki belirleyici rolü vurgulanmaktadır.
This document provides a comprehensive overview of common developmental brain malformations, cortical development disorders, and neurocutaneous syndromes within pediatric neuroradiology. It details radiological imaging findings for conditions such as holoprosencephaly, corpus callosum dysgenesis, Dandy-Walker malformation, and various neurometabolic disorders. Furthermore, diagnostic approaches and clinical significance for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, infections, and spinal dysraphism in infants and children are examined. The critical importance of imaging modalities, particularly MRI and ultrasonography, in the accurate identification of these pathologies is emphasized.
Referanslar
Tuncel E, Yazıcı Z. Çocuk Hastalıklarında Radyolojik Bulgular. Bursa: Nobel&Güneş Tıp Kitabevi; 2002. p.10-12.
Barkovich A.J, Raybaud C. Congenital Malformations of the Brain and Skull. Barkovich A.J, Raybaud C, editors. Pediatric neuroimaging. 6th edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2018. p.505-508.
Guimaraes C.V. Neuro. Donnelly LF, editor. Fundamentals of Pediatric Imaging. 2nd Edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2017. p. 243-320.
Bosemani T, Orman G, Boltshauser E, Tekes A, Huisman TA, Poretti A. Congenital abnormalities of the posterior fossa. Radiographics. 2015 Jan-Feb;35(1):200-220.
Karaman ZF, Coşkun A. Çocukluk çağı epilepsilerinde nörogörüntüleme. Kumandaş S, Canpolat M, editörler. Çocukluk Çağı Epilepsileri. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2020. p.154-161.
Barkovich AJ, Guerrini R, Kuzniecky RI, Jackson GD, Dobyns WB. A developmental and genetic classification for malformations of cortical development: update 2012. Brain 2012;135:1348–1369.
Hudgins RJ, Flamini JR, Palasis S, Cheng R, Burns TG, Gilreath CL. Surgical treatment of epilepsy in children caused by focal cortical dysplasia. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2005;41:70-76.
Cepeda C, Andre VM, Levine MS et al. Epileptogenesis in pediatric cortical dysplasia: the dysmature cerebral developmental hypothesis. Epilepsy Behav. 2006;9:219-235.
Vinters HV, Fisher RS, Cornford ME et al. Morphological substrates of infantile spasms: studies based on surgically resected cerebral tissue. Childs Nerv Syst. 1992;8:8-17.
Farrell MA, De Rosa MJ, Curran JG et al. Neuropathologic findings in cortical resections (including hemispherectomies) performed for the treatment of intractable childhood epilepsy. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1992;83:246-259.
Palmini A, Andermann F, Olivier A, Tampieri D, Robitaille Y. Focal neuronal migration disorders and intractable partial epilepsy: results of surgical treatment. Ann Neurol. 1991;30:750-757
Vezina G, Barkovich AJ. Neurocutaneous Disorders. Barkovich A.J, Raybaud C, editors. Pediatric neuroimaging. 6th edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2018. p.633-702.
Jahodova A, Krsek P, Kyncl M et al. Distinctive MRI features of the epileptogenic zone in children with tuberous sclerosis. Eur J Radiol. 2014;83:703-709.
Huang BY, Castillo M. Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: imaging findings from birth to adulthood. Radiographics. 2008 Mar-Apr;28(2):417-439.
Elster AD, Chen MY. Chiari I malformations: clinical and radiologic reappraisal. Radiology. 1992 May;183(2):347-353.
Aiken AH, Hoots JA, Saindane AM, Hudgins PA. Incidence of cerebellar tonsillar ectopia in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a mimic of the Chiari I malformation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2012 Nov;33(10):1901-1906.
Thomas M. The lemon sign. Radiology. 2003 Jul;228(1):206-207.
Benacerraf BR, Stryker J, Frigoletto FD Jr. Abnormal US appearance of the cerebellum (banana sign): indirect sign of spina bifida. Radiology. 1989 Apr;171(1):151-153.
Barkovich AJ. Concepts of myelin and myelination in neuroradiology. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21: 1099–1109.
Dietrich RB, Bradley WG, Zaragoza EJ 4th et al. MR evaluation of early myelination patterns in normal and developmentally delayed infants. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988 Apr;150(4):889-896.
Koenig SH, Brown RD 3rd, Spiller M, Lundbom N. Relaxometry of brain: why white matter appears bright in MRI. Magn Reson Med. 1990 Jun;14(3):482-495.
Welker KM, Patton A. Assessment of normal myelination with magnetic resonance imaging. Semin Neurol 2012;32:15–28.
Holland BA, Haas DK, Norman D, Brant-Zawadzki M, Newton TH. MRI of normal brain maturation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1986 Mar-Apr;7(2):201-208.
Barkovich AJ. Magnetic resonance techniques in the assessment of myelin and myelination. J Inherit Metab Dis 2005;28:311–343.
Ballesteros MC, Hansen PE, Soila K. MR imaging of the developing human brain. Part 2. Postnatal development. Radiographics. 1993 May;13(3):611-622.
Bird CR, Hedberg M, Drayer BP, Keller PJ, Flom RA, Hodak JA. MR assessment of myelination in infants and children: usefulness of marker sites. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1989 Jul-Aug;10(4):731-740.
Barkovich MJ, Barkovich AJ. Normal Development of the Fetal, Neonatal, and Infant Brain, Skull, and Spine. Barkovich A.J, Raybaud C, editors. Pediatric neuroimaging. 6th edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2018. p.18-80.
Branson HM. Normal myelination: a practical pictorial review. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2013 May;23(2):183-195.
Patay Z, Blaser SI, Poretti A, Huisman TA. Neurometabolic diseases of childhood. Pediatr Radiol. 2015 Sep;45:S473-84.
Tully HM, Dobyns WB. Infantile hydrocephalus: a review of epidemiology, classification and causes. Eur J Med Genet. 2014;57:359–368.
Khalatbari H, Parisi MT. Management of Hydrocephalus in Children: Anatomic Imaging Appearances of CSF Shunts and Their Complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2021 Jan;216(1):187-199.
Badve CA, K MM, Iyer RS, Ishak GE, Khanna PC. Craniosynostosis: imaging review and primer on computed tomography. Pediatr Radiol. 2013 Jun;43(6):728-742.
Jaimes C, Poussaint TY. Primary Neoplasms of the Pediatric Brain. Radiol Clin North Am. 2019 Nov;57(6):1163-1175.
Rufener SL, Ibrahim M, Raybaud CA, Parmar HA. Congenital spine and spinal cord malformations--pictorial review. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010 Mar;194(3):26-37.
