Bireylerde Fiziksel, Psikoseksüel, Sosyal, Duygusal ve Ahlaki Gelişim
Özet
Bu bölüm, insan gelişiminin farklı aşamalarını kapsamlı bir şekilde ele alarak, fiziksel, psikoseksüel, sosyal, duygusal ve ahlaki gelişim süreçlerini incelemektedir. Çocukluktan yaşlılığa kadar her dönemin kendine özgü özellikleri ve zorlukları vardır. Erken çocukluk dönemindeki gelişimsel ihtiyaçlar, ergenlikteki kimlik ve bağımsızlık arayışı, yetişkinlikteki kariyer ve aile sorumlulukları ile yaşlılık dönemindeki sağlık ve sosyal katılım gereksinimleri detaylı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Bölümde ayrıca, her yaşam dönemi için uygun müdahaleler ve destek stratejileri üzerinde durulmuş, bu stratejilerin bireylerin sağlıklı ve doyurucu bir yaşam sürmelerine nasıl katkı sağladığı vurgulanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, eğitimciler, sağlık profesyonelleri ve politika yapıcılar için pratik öneriler ve rehberlik sunulmuştur. Bu anlayışla, bireylerin yaşamlarının her aşamasında en iyi şekilde gelişmeleri ve mutlu, sağlıklı bir yaşam sürmeleri hedeflenmektedir.
Referanslar
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63 (3), 575-582.
Beck, J. S. (2011). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond. New York: Guilford Press.
Berk, L. E. (2018). Child development (Ninth edit.). Boston: Pearson.
Bornstein, M. H., & Bradley, R. H. (2014). Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development. New York: Routledge.
Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Socioeconomic status and child development. Annual Review of Psychology, 53 (1), 371-399.
Brown, B. B. (2004). Adolescents’ relationships with peers. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (Second edit.) (pp. 363-394). Wiley.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Volume I: Attachment. London: The Hogarth Press.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, Volume II: Separation: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss, Volume III: Loss: Sadness and depression. London: Hogarth Press.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books.
Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Socioeconomic status and child development. Annual Review of Psychology, 53 (1), 371-399.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bukowski, W. M., Newcomb, A. F., & Hartup, W. W. (Eds.). (1996). The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Burke, R. V., Andersen, M. N., Bowen, S. L., Howard, M. R., & Allen, K. D. (2010). Evaluation of two instruction methods to teach preschool children safe street-crossing skills. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42 (2), 498-506.
Case-Smith, J., & O’Brien, J. C. (2014). Occupational therapy for children and adolescents (Seventh edit.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Clark, J. E. (2010). Motor development in children. Journal of Human Movement Science, 29 (5), 343-350.
Collins, W. A. (2003). More than myth: The developmental significance of romantic relationships during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13 (1), 1-24.
Denham, S. A. (1998). Emotional development in young children. New York: Guilford Press.
Dietz, W. H. (1998). Health consequences of obesity in youth: Childhood predictors of adult disease. Pediatrics, 101 (3 Pt 2), 518-525.
Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82 (1), 405-432.
Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1998). Prosocial development. In W. Damon (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Fifth edit., Vol. 3) (pp. 701-778). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: W W Norton & Co.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: W W Norton & Co.
Fleming, T., Bavin, L., Lucassen, M., Stasiak, K., Hopkins, S., & Merry, S. (2014). Beyond the trial: Systematic review of real-world uptake and engagement with digital self-help interventions for depression, low mood, or anxiety. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16 (6), e199.
Furman, W., & Shaffer, L. (2003). The role of romantic relationships in adolescent development. In P. Florsheim (Ed.), Adolescent romantic relations and sexual behavior: Theory, research, and practical implications (pp. 3-22). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Gallahue, D. L., & Donnelly, F. C. (2003). Developmental physical education for all children (Fourth edit.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Geddes, H. (2006). Attachment in the classroom: The links between children's early experience, emotional well-being and performance in school. London: Worth Pub.
Grantham-McGregor, S., Cheung, Y. B., Cueto, S., Glewwe, P., Richter, L., & Strupp, B. (2007). Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. The Lancet, 369 (9555), 60-70.
Greenberg, L. S. (2002). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Gresham, F. M., Van, M., & Cook, C. R. (2006). Social skills training for children and youth with emotional and behavioral disorders: Validity considerations and future directions. Behavioral Disorders, 32 (1), 39-53.
Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A., & Pinal, C. (2005). The developmental origins of adult disease. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 1 (3), 130-141.
Hamlin, J. K., Wynn, K., & Bloom, P. (2007). Social evaluation by preverbal infants. Nature, 450 (7169), 557-559.
Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. New York: Guilford Press.
Haywood, K. M., & Getchell, N. (2014). Motor development: A life span approach (Seventh ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Helwig, C. C. (2006). The development of personal autonomy throughout cultures. Cognitive Development, 21 (4), 505-536.
Kohlberg, L. (1963). The development of children's orientations toward a moral order. Human Development, 6 (1-2), 11-33.
Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 347-480). Chicago: Rand McNally.
Kohlberg, L. (1981). Essays on moral development: Vol. 1. The philosophy of moral development. New York: Harper & Row.
Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140 (4), 1073-1137.
Lapsley, D. K., & Narvaez, D. (Eds.). (2006). Character education. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press.
Larson, R., & Richards, M. H. (1994). Divergent realities: The emotional lives of mothers, fathers, and adolescents. New York: Basic Books.
Lord, C., Risi, S., DiLavore, P. S., Shulman, C., Thurm, A., & Pickles, A. (2006). Autism from 2 to 9 years of age. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63 (6), 694-701.
Miller, P. H. (2011). Piaget’s theory. In U. Goswami (Ed.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development (Second edit.). Oxford, England: Wiley-Blackwell.
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Moore, K. L., Persaud, T. V. N., & Torchia, M. G. (2019). Before we are born: Essentials of embryology and birth defects (Tenth edit.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Nucci, L. (2001). Education in the moral domain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell.
Ozturk, L. (2019). Exploring the relevance of an Attachment Theory perspective for effective behaviour management in primary school classrooms: Perceptions and practices of primary school teachers in Turkey and educators in England. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of York.
Ozturk, L. (2024). Exploring the relevance of an attachment theory perspective to the behaviour management of challenging students: perceptions of education professionals advocate an attachment theory perspective. Pastoral Care in Education. Doi: 10.1080/02643944.2024.2371793
Pate, R. R., Pfeiffer, K. A., & Trost, S. G. (2004). Physical activity among children attending preschools. Pediatrics, 118 (6), 2108-2113.
Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. New York: Free Press.
Piek, P. V., Dawson, L., Smith, L. M., & Gasson, N. (2006). Development of motor abilities and coordination in children and adolescents: A longitudinal study. Human Movement Science, 25 (3), 456-471.
Rhodes, J. E. (2002). Stand by me: The risks and rewards of mentoring today's youth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Rose-Krasnor, L. (1997). The nature of social competence: A theoretical review. Social Development, 6 (1), 111-135.
Rosenbaum, P., Paneth, N., Leviton, A., Goldstein, M., & Bax, M. (2007). A report: The definition and classification of cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49 (s109), 8-14.
Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament. In W. Damon & R. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (Sixth edit, Vol. 3) (pp. 99-166). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., & Parker, J. G. (2006). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Sixth edit., Vol. 3) (pp. 571-645). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Saarni, C. (1999). The development of emotional competence. New York: Guilford Press.
Sanders, M. R. (1999). The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: Towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2 (2), 71-90.
Selman, R. L. (1980). The growth of interpersonal understanding: Developmental and clinical analyses. New York: Academic Press.
Slavin, R. E. (2018). Educational psychology: Theory and practice. Boston: Pearson.
Subrahmanyam, K., & Smahel, D. (2011). Digital youth: The role of media in development. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
Super, C. M., & Harkness, S. (1986). The developmental niche: A conceptualization at the interface of child and culture. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 9 (4), 545-569.
Svetlova, M., Nichols, S. R., & Brownell, C. A. (2010). Toddlers’ prosocial behavior: From instrumental to empathic to altruistic helping. Child Development, 81 (6), 1814-1827.
Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59 (2-3), 25-52.
Tronick, E. Z. (1989). Emotions and emotional communication in infants. American Psychologist, 44 (2), 112-119.
Trost, S. G., Sirard, J. R., Dowda, M., Pfeiffer, K. A., & Pate, R. R. (2002). Physical activity and motor skill performance in preschool children: A population-based study. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 23 (1), 42-47.
Turiel, E. (2002). The culture of morality: Social development, context, and conflict. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Youniss, J., & Yates, M. (1997). Community service and social responsibility in youth. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wentzel, K. R. (1991). Social competence at school: Relation between social responsibility and academic achievement. Review of Educational Research, 61 (1), 1-24.
Wentzel, K. R., & Asher, S. R. (1995). The academic lives of neglected, rejected, popular, and controversial children. Child Development, 66 (3), 754-763.
Referanslar
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63 (3), 575-582.
Beck, J. S. (2011). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond. New York: Guilford Press.
Berk, L. E. (2018). Child development (Ninth edit.). Boston: Pearson.
Bornstein, M. H., & Bradley, R. H. (2014). Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development. New York: Routledge.
Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Socioeconomic status and child development. Annual Review of Psychology, 53 (1), 371-399.
Brown, B. B. (2004). Adolescents’ relationships with peers. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (Second edit.) (pp. 363-394). Wiley.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Volume I: Attachment. London: The Hogarth Press.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, Volume II: Separation: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss, Volume III: Loss: Sadness and depression. London: Hogarth Press.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books.
Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Socioeconomic status and child development. Annual Review of Psychology, 53 (1), 371-399.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bukowski, W. M., Newcomb, A. F., & Hartup, W. W. (Eds.). (1996). The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Burke, R. V., Andersen, M. N., Bowen, S. L., Howard, M. R., & Allen, K. D. (2010). Evaluation of two instruction methods to teach preschool children safe street-crossing skills. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42 (2), 498-506.
Case-Smith, J., & O’Brien, J. C. (2014). Occupational therapy for children and adolescents (Seventh edit.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Clark, J. E. (2010). Motor development in children. Journal of Human Movement Science, 29 (5), 343-350.
Collins, W. A. (2003). More than myth: The developmental significance of romantic relationships during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13 (1), 1-24.
Denham, S. A. (1998). Emotional development in young children. New York: Guilford Press.
Dietz, W. H. (1998). Health consequences of obesity in youth: Childhood predictors of adult disease. Pediatrics, 101 (3 Pt 2), 518-525.
Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82 (1), 405-432.
Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1998). Prosocial development. In W. Damon (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Fifth edit., Vol. 3) (pp. 701-778). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: W W Norton & Co.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: W W Norton & Co.
Fleming, T., Bavin, L., Lucassen, M., Stasiak, K., Hopkins, S., & Merry, S. (2014). Beyond the trial: Systematic review of real-world uptake and engagement with digital self-help interventions for depression, low mood, or anxiety. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16 (6), e199.
Furman, W., & Shaffer, L. (2003). The role of romantic relationships in adolescent development. In P. Florsheim (Ed.), Adolescent romantic relations and sexual behavior: Theory, research, and practical implications (pp. 3-22). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Gallahue, D. L., & Donnelly, F. C. (2003). Developmental physical education for all children (Fourth edit.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Geddes, H. (2006). Attachment in the classroom: The links between children's early experience, emotional well-being and performance in school. London: Worth Pub.
Grantham-McGregor, S., Cheung, Y. B., Cueto, S., Glewwe, P., Richter, L., & Strupp, B. (2007). Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. The Lancet, 369 (9555), 60-70.
Greenberg, L. S. (2002). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Gresham, F. M., Van, M., & Cook, C. R. (2006). Social skills training for children and youth with emotional and behavioral disorders: Validity considerations and future directions. Behavioral Disorders, 32 (1), 39-53.
Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A., & Pinal, C. (2005). The developmental origins of adult disease. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 1 (3), 130-141.
Hamlin, J. K., Wynn, K., & Bloom, P. (2007). Social evaluation by preverbal infants. Nature, 450 (7169), 557-559.
Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. New York: Guilford Press.
Haywood, K. M., & Getchell, N. (2014). Motor development: A life span approach (Seventh ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Helwig, C. C. (2006). The development of personal autonomy throughout cultures. Cognitive Development, 21 (4), 505-536.
Kohlberg, L. (1963). The development of children's orientations toward a moral order. Human Development, 6 (1-2), 11-33.
Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 347-480). Chicago: Rand McNally.
Kohlberg, L. (1981). Essays on moral development: Vol. 1. The philosophy of moral development. New York: Harper & Row.
Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140 (4), 1073-1137.
Lapsley, D. K., & Narvaez, D. (Eds.). (2006). Character education. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press.
Larson, R., & Richards, M. H. (1994). Divergent realities: The emotional lives of mothers, fathers, and adolescents. New York: Basic Books.
Lord, C., Risi, S., DiLavore, P. S., Shulman, C., Thurm, A., & Pickles, A. (2006). Autism from 2 to 9 years of age. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63 (6), 694-701.
Miller, P. H. (2011). Piaget’s theory. In U. Goswami (Ed.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development (Second edit.). Oxford, England: Wiley-Blackwell.
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Moore, K. L., Persaud, T. V. N., & Torchia, M. G. (2019). Before we are born: Essentials of embryology and birth defects (Tenth edit.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Nucci, L. (2001). Education in the moral domain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell.
Ozturk, L. (2019). Exploring the relevance of an Attachment Theory perspective for effective behaviour management in primary school classrooms: Perceptions and practices of primary school teachers in Turkey and educators in England. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of York.
Ozturk, L. (2024). Exploring the relevance of an attachment theory perspective to the behaviour management of challenging students: perceptions of education professionals advocate an attachment theory perspective. Pastoral Care in Education. Doi: 10.1080/02643944.2024.2371793
Pate, R. R., Pfeiffer, K. A., & Trost, S. G. (2004). Physical activity among children attending preschools. Pediatrics, 118 (6), 2108-2113.
Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. New York: Free Press.
Piek, P. V., Dawson, L., Smith, L. M., & Gasson, N. (2006). Development of motor abilities and coordination in children and adolescents: A longitudinal study. Human Movement Science, 25 (3), 456-471.
Rhodes, J. E. (2002). Stand by me: The risks and rewards of mentoring today's youth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Rose-Krasnor, L. (1997). The nature of social competence: A theoretical review. Social Development, 6 (1), 111-135.
Rosenbaum, P., Paneth, N., Leviton, A., Goldstein, M., & Bax, M. (2007). A report: The definition and classification of cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49 (s109), 8-14.
Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament. In W. Damon & R. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (Sixth edit, Vol. 3) (pp. 99-166). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., & Parker, J. G. (2006). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Sixth edit., Vol. 3) (pp. 571-645). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Saarni, C. (1999). The development of emotional competence. New York: Guilford Press.
Sanders, M. R. (1999). The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: Towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2 (2), 71-90.
Selman, R. L. (1980). The growth of interpersonal understanding: Developmental and clinical analyses. New York: Academic Press.
Slavin, R. E. (2018). Educational psychology: Theory and practice. Boston: Pearson.
Subrahmanyam, K., & Smahel, D. (2011). Digital youth: The role of media in development. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
Super, C. M., & Harkness, S. (1986). The developmental niche: A conceptualization at the interface of child and culture. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 9 (4), 545-569.
Svetlova, M., Nichols, S. R., & Brownell, C. A. (2010). Toddlers’ prosocial behavior: From instrumental to empathic to altruistic helping. Child Development, 81 (6), 1814-1827.
Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59 (2-3), 25-52.
Tronick, E. Z. (1989). Emotions and emotional communication in infants. American Psychologist, 44 (2), 112-119.
Trost, S. G., Sirard, J. R., Dowda, M., Pfeiffer, K. A., & Pate, R. R. (2002). Physical activity and motor skill performance in preschool children: A population-based study. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 23 (1), 42-47.
Turiel, E. (2002). The culture of morality: Social development, context, and conflict. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Youniss, J., & Yates, M. (1997). Community service and social responsibility in youth. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wentzel, K. R. (1991). Social competence at school: Relation between social responsibility and academic achievement. Review of Educational Research, 61 (1), 1-24.
Wentzel, K. R., & Asher, S. R. (1995). The academic lives of neglected, rejected, popular, and controversial children. Child Development, 66 (3), 754-763.
