Avrupa Birliği’nin Petrol İthalatı Ve Tüketimi: Ekonometrik Bir Analiz
Özet
Bu çalışma, Avrupa Birliği'nin (AB) petrol bağımlılığını, petrol tüketimini ve ithalat miktarlarını 1980-2018 dönemi verileriyle Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik analizi kullanarak incelemektedir. AB-27'de nihai enerji tüketiminin %45'ini oluşturan petrol ürünlerinde nihai talebin %49'u karayolu taşımacılığından, %19'u ise sanayiden kaynaklanırken; Almanya, Fransa, İspanya ve İtalya toplam tüketimin yarısından fazlasından sorumludur. AB'nin yerli ham petrol üretimi 2000 yılından bu yana %46 azalmış ve 2018 yılında net ithalat bağımlılığı %96'ya ulaşarak 211 milyar avroluk (GSYİH'nin %1.5'i) devasa bir mali yük oluşturmuştur. İthalatın %31'ini karşılayan Rusya ve %40'ını oluşturan OPEC ülkeleri ana tedarikçiler konumundayken, Slovakya ve Finlandiya gibi ülkeler Rus ham petrolüne %90'ın üzerinde bağımlıdır. Değişkenlerin durağanlık derecelerinin belirlendiği ADF birim kök testlerinin ardından uygulanan Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testi bulguları, reel ithalat düzeyi (IMPORT) ile petrol tüketimi (OIL) arasında çift yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Buna göre petrol tüketimindeki artış ithalatı yükseltirken, artan ithalat da petrol tüketimini doğrudan desteklemektedir. Sonuç olarak, AB'nin jeopolitik risklere ve petrol fiyat oynaklığına karşı direncini artırmak amacıyla Enerji Birliği, emisyon standartları ve yenilenebilir enerji direktifleri doğrultusunda petrol kullanımını azaltması ve enerji verimliliğini yükseltmesi elzemdir.
This study examines the oil dependency, oil consumption, and import volumes of the European Union (EU) using Toda-Yamamoto causality analysis with data covering the 1980–2018 period. In EU-27, where oil products account for 45% of final energy consumption, road transport alone accounts for 49% of final oil demand and industry accounts for 19%, while Germany, France, Spain, and Italy are responsible for more than half of the total consumption. The EU's domestic crude oil production has declined by 46% since 2000, and net import dependency reached 96% in 2018, creating a massive financial burden of €211 billion (equivalent to 1.5% of EU GDP). Russia, supplying 31% of imports, and OPEC members, accounting for 40%, serve as the main suppliers, whereas countries like Slovakia and Finland depend on Russian crude oil by over 90%. Following ADF unit root tests to determine the integration orders of the variables, empirical findings from the Toda-Yamamoto causality test demonstrate a bidirectional causality relationship between the real import level (IMPORT) and oil consumption (OIL). Accordingly, an increase in oil consumption elevates imports, while increased imports directly drive oil consumption. Consequently, to enhance the EU's resilience against geopolitical risks and oil price volatility, it is essential to reduce oil consumption and increase energy efficiency through the Energy Union strategy, emission standards, and renewable energy directives.
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