Geriatrik Bireylerde İmplant Uygulamaları: Son Güncelleme
Özet
Gelişen teknoloji ve artan yaşlı nüfusla birlikte, geriatrik bireylerde dental implant uygulamalarının etkinliği, risk faktörleri ve uzun dönemli sonuçları modern implantolojinin odak noktası haline gelmiştir. Yaşlanma süreciyle birlikte kemik mineral yoğunluğunda azalma, periodontal dokularda zayıflama ve diyabet gibi kronik hastalıkların görülme sıklığı artsa da, sistemik durumları kontrol altında olan yaşlı hastalarda implant sağ kalım oranlarının oldukça yüksek olduğu ve kronolojik yaşın tek başına bir kontrendikasyon teşkil etmediği görülmektedir. Özellikle implant destekli protezlerin ve kısaltılmış dental ark konseptinin yaşlı bireylerin çiğneme fonksiyonlarını, beslenme durumlarını ve ağız sağlığına bağlı yaşam kalitesini belirgin ölçüde artırarak genel mortalite ile morbidite riskini azalttığı bildirilmektedir. Öte yandan, geriatrik hastalarda yüksek tedavi maliyetleri, cerrahi korkular ve polifarmasiye bağlı gelişen kserostomi (ağız kuruluğu) gibi durumlar tedavi süreçlerini zorlaştırabilmektedir. Bu nedenle, geriatrik hastalarda minimal invaziv cerrahi protokollerin tercih edilmesi, bilişsel ve fiziksel kapasitelerin çok boyutlu testlerle değerlendirilmesi ve hasta bakımı süreçlerinin dikkatle planlanması başarı için kritik önem taşımaktadır.
Along with developing technology and the increasing elderly population, the efficacy, risk factors, and long-term outcomes of dental implant applications in geriatric individuals have become the focus of modern implantology. Although bone mineral density decreases, periodontal tissues weaken, and the incidence of chronic diseases such as diabetes increases with the aging process, it is observed that implant survival rates are remarkably high in elderly patients whose systemic conditions are under control, and chronological age alone does not constitute a contraindication. In particular, it is reported that implant-supported prostheses and the shortened dental arch concept significantly improve the masticatory functions, nutritional status, and oral health-related quality of life of elderly individuals, thereby reducing the risk of general mortality and morbidity. On the other hand, high treatment costs, surgical fears, and conditions such as xerostomia (dry mouth) developing due to polypharmacy can complicate treatment processes in geriatric patients. For this reason, choosing minimally invasive surgical protocols, evaluating cognitive and physical capacities through multidimensional tests, and carefully planning post-operative care processes carry critical importance for success in geriatric patients.
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