Afetler ve Toplumsal Değişim
Özet
Bu bölüm, afetler ve toplumsal değişme arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanmakta ve şu soruları tartışma konusu yapmaktadır: Afetler toplumsal yapıyı değiştirmekte midir yoksa devam mı ettirmektedir? Toplumlar ve topluluklar afet karşısında ne tür tepkiler verir ve bu tepkiler toplumsal gruplara göre nasıl farklılaşır? Afetler herkesi aynı şekilde mi etkilemektedir? Tartışma, Dünyada ve Türkiye’de yaşanan önemli afetlere referansla mevut literatür temelinde, öncelikle toplumsal değişim, afet ve afet sınıflandırmalarına ve ilgili kırılganlık ve dirençlilik kavramlarına kısaca göz atmakla başlamakta ardından büyük felaketlerin antik uygarlıkların çöküşündeki rolü ve kolonyalizm ve kalkınma çabalarının afetle ilişkisi gibi makro değişimler temelinde ilerlemektedir. Daha sonra afetlerin ekonomik, siyasal, demografik ve sosyal yapısal değişime etkileri tartışılmakta ve sonuç kısmında afet ve toplumsal değişim ilişkisinin karmaşık doğasına ilişkin birkaç çıkarımda bulunulmaktadır.
Referanslar
AIDR (2017). Communities Responding to Disasters: Planning for Spontaneous Volunteers. Australian Disaster Resilience Handbook 12.
Altun, F. (2022). "Dezenformasyon Gölgesinde Dijital Aktivizm Ve Siyasal Katılmaya Bağlı Olarak Sosyal Medyanın ‘Öteki’ Yüzü." 5. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Ve Eğitim Bilimleri Sempozyumu (Usves) Tam Metin Kitabı. ISBN: 978-625-7501-57-6.
Arcaya, M., Raker, E. J. & Waters, M. C. (2020). "The Social Consequences of Disasters: Individual and Community Change" Annu. Rev. Sociol. 2020. 46:671–91.
Australian Red Cross (2010). “Spontaneous Volunteer Management Resource Kit. Helping to Manage Spontaneous Volunteers in Emergencies” https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/05_2012/spontaneous.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 13.05. 2018).
Bağlı, M. (2023). “Deprem ve Kötülük Sorunu”, iç. Fahri Çakı ve Kadir Canatan (edt.) Deprem ve Toplum, Konya: Çizgi Yay. 211-225.
Bankoff, G. (2001). “Rendering the world unsafe: ‘vulnerability’ as western discourse”, Disasters, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 19-35.
Barton, A. H. (1969). Communities in Disaster: A Socioloaical Analysis of Collective Stress Situations. New York: Doubleday.
Bello, O., Bustamante, A. & Pizarro, P. (2021). Planning for disaster risk reduction within the framework of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Project Documents (LC/TS.2020/108), Santiago, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC).
Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I, & Wisner, B. (1994). At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability, and Disasters. London and New York: Routledge.
Bolin, B. (2007). “Race, class, ethnicity, and disaster vulnerability” in Handbook of Disaster Research, ed.H. Rodríguez, EL Quarantelli, R.R. Dynes, pp. 113–29. New York: Springer
Caldera, H.J. & Wirasinghe, S.C. (2022). "A universal severity classification for natural disasters", Natural Hazards (2022) 111:1533–1573 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-05106-9.
CRED (Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters) (2020). EM-DAT International Disaster Database [online] https://www.emdat.be/ (Erişim: 13.04.2018).
Çakı, F. (2020). “Giriş” iç. Fahri Çakı (ed.) Modernitenin Pandemik Halleri. Ankara: Nobel Yay.
Çakı, F. (2022). “Kırılganlık Perspektifinden Afet ve Afetzedeler” iç. Ayşegül Demir (ed.) Dezavantajlı Gruplar Sosyolojisi, Çanakkale: Paradigma Akademi Yay.
Dynes, R. (2000). “The Dialogue between Voltaire and Rousseau on the Lisbon Earthquake: The Emergence of a Social Science View”. International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 18, 1: 97-115.
Edmonds, K. (2012). "Beyond Good Intentions: The Structural Limitations of NGOs in Haiti", Critical Sociology, 39(3) 439–452.
Enarson, E., Fothergill, A., & Peek, L. (2018). Gender and disasters. In H. Rodríguez, W. Donner, & J. E. Trainor (Eds.), Handbook of disaster research (2nd ed., pp. 205–223). New York: Springer.
Erikson, K.T. (1976). Everything in Its Path: Destruction of Community in the Buffalo Creek Flood. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Faas, A.J. (2018). “Petit capitalisms in disaster, or the limits of neoliberal imagination: displacement, recovery, and opportunism in highland Ecuador”, Economic Anthropology, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 32-44.
Fritz, C. E.(1961). “Disaster” In Robert K. Merton and Robert A. Nisbet (eds.), Contemporary Social Problems. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Furedi, F. (2007). “Changing Meaning of Disaster,” Area, 39 (4), 482-489.
Gurung, S. & Kandangwa, S. (2016). Preparing to Volunteer in Disaster Situation A Study of Volunteers’ Experiences in the April 2015 Nepal Earthquake. Thesis, Spring 2016 Diaconia University of Applied Sciences, Degree Programme in Social Services Option in Community Development Work, Bachelor of Social Services (UAS).
Helsloot, I. & Ruitenberg, A. (2004). “Citizen Response to Disasters: A Survey of Literature and Some Practical Implications.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 12 (3): 98 – 111.
Hsu, M., Howitt, R. & Miller, F. (2015). “Procedural vulnerability and institutional capacity deficits in post-disaster recovery and reconstruction: insights from wutai rukai experiences of typhoon morakot”, Human Organization, Vol. 74 No. 4, pp. 308-318.
Hyndmann, J. (2009). Siting conflict and peace in post-tsunami Sri Lanka and Aceh, Indonesia. Norwegian Journal of Geography 63: 89–96.
Khan, H., Vasilescu, L.G. & Khan, A. (2008). “Disaster management cycle – a theoretical approach,” Management & Marketing. 6(1): 43-50.
Koh, H.K., Cadigan, R.O. (2008). “Disaster Preparedness and Social Capital.” In: Kawachi, I., Subramanian, S., Kim, D. (eds) Social Capital and Health. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71311-3_13
Kroll-Smith, S. (2018). Recovering inequality: Hurricane Katrina, the San Francisco earthquake of 1906, and the aftermath of disaster. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Leroy, S. A.G. (2020). Natural Hazards, Landscapes and Civilizations. Elsevier
Logan, J.R., Issar, S., & Xu, Z. (2016).”Trapped in place? Segmented resilience to hurricanes in the Gulf Coast, 1970–2005”. Demography 53(5):1511–34.
Marchezini, V. (2015). “The biopolitics of disaster: power, discourses, and practices”, Human Organization, Vol. 74 No. 4, pp. 362-371.
Nigg, J. M. & Tierney, K. J. (1993). "Disasters and Social Change: Consequences for Community Construct and Affect," University of Delaware Disaster Research Center Preliminary Paper #I95.
Nigg, J. M. & Tierney, K. J. (1993). "Disasters and Social Change: Consequences for Community Construct and Affect" University of Delaware Disaster Research Center Preliminary Paper #I95.
Okumuş, E. (2002). “Tabii Afetler, Din ve Toplum”, İslami Araştırmalar Dergisi, cilt 15, sayı 3, Ss. 339-373.
Oliver-Smith, A. (1996). "Anthropological Research on Hazards and Disasters", Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 25 (1996), pp. 303-328.
Oliver-Smith, A. (1999). “Peru’s five-hundred-year earthquake: vulnerability in historical context”, in Oliver-Smith, A. and Hoffman, S.M. (Eds), The Angry Earth: Disaster in Anthropological Perspective, Routledge, New York, NY, pp. 74-88.
Pais, J.F & Elliott, J.R. (2008). “Places as recovery machines: vulnerability and neighborhood change after major hurricanes.” Soc. Forces 86(4):1415–53.
Peek, l. (2021). "Sociology of Disasters " in B. Schaefer Caniglia et al. (eds.), Handbook of Environmental Sociology, Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77712-8_11.
Quarantelli, E.L. (2000). "Emergencies, Disasters and Catastrophes Are Different Phenomena" University of Delaware Disaster Research Center, Preliminary Paper #304.
Raker, E.J. (2020). “Natural hazards, disasters, and demographic change: the case of severe tornadoes in the United States, 1980–2010”. Demography 57: 653–74.
Rist, G. (2010). “Development as a Buzzword” in Andrea Cornwall & Deborah Eade (Eds.) Deconstructing Development Discourse Buzzwords and Fuzzwords, Oxford, Oxfam GB.
Roth, F. & Prior, T. (2019). “Volunteerism in Disaster Management – Opportunities, Challenges and Instruments for Improvement,” Risk and Resilience Report, Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zürich.
Ryan, W.B.F. & Pitman, W. (1998). Noah’s Flood: The New Scientific Discoveries About the Event That Changed History, New York: Simon & Schuster.
Schuller, M. (2016). “‘The tremors felt round the world’: Haiti’s earthquake as global imagined community”, in Button, G.V. and Schuller, M. (Eds), Contextualizing Disaster, Berghan, New York, NY, pp. 66-88.
Stallings, R. A. (1988). “Conflict in Natural Disasters: A Codification of Consensus and Conflict Theories." Social Science Quarterly, 69: 569-586.
Stallings, R. A. (2002). “Weberian political sociology and sociological disaster studies.” Sociological Forum, 17(2), 281–305.
Sun, L. & Faas, A.J. (2018). "Social production of disasters and disaster social constructs An exercise in disambiguation and reframing," Disaster Prevention and Management, Vol. 27 No. 5, 2018, pp. 623-635.
Taşgetiren, Ö. (2023). “Deprem ve Siyaset”, iç. Fahri Çakı ve Kadir Canatan (edt.) Deprem ve Toplum, Konya: Çizgi Yay. 335-350.
TBMM (2023). TBMM 2023 Deprem Araştırma Komisyonu Raporu. 25 Mayıs 2023 (Erişim tarihi: 25 Mayıs 2023).
Tierney, K.J. (2019). Disasters: A sociological approach. Medford, MA: Polity Press.
Tierney, K. J. (1989), “Improving theory and research on hazard mitigation: political economy and organizational perspectives”, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 367-396.
TMMOB Makina Mühendisleri Odası (2012). Türkiye’de Deprem Gerçeği Ve TMMOB Makina Mühendisleri Odası’nın Önerileri. Genişletilmiş İkinci Baskı, Nisan 2012, Yayın No: MMO/587. S.2.
UN (2005). Report of the World Conference on Disaster Reduction (A/CONF.206/6), Kobe.
UN/ISDR (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction). (2004). Terminology: Basic Terms of Disaster Risk Reduction. www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng%20home.htm, (Erişim 18/07/2019).
UNDP (2012). Volunteerism and Disasters An extract from the 2011 State of the World’s Volunteerism Report. https://www.preventionweb.net/files/33033_33033bookletswvrvolunteerismanddisa.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 21.04.2023).
Üstün, A. (2023). “Tarihte Önemli Depremler ve Afete Bakışta Değişimler”, iç. Fahri Çakı ve Kadir Canatan (edt.) Deprem ve Toplum, Konya: Çizgi Yay. 41-56.
van Bavel, B., Curtis, D., Dijkman, J., Hannaford, M., de Keyzer, M., van Onacker, E. & Soens, T. (2020). Disasters and History The Vulnerability and Resilience of Past Societies. Cambridge University Press.
Waddell, E. (1975). “How the enga cope with frost: responses to climatic perturbations in the central highlands of New Guinea”, Human Ecology, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 249-273.
Weber, L. & Peek, L. (2012). Displaced: Life in the Katrina Diaspora. Austin:Univ. Tex. Press.
Wisner, B. (1993). “Disaster Vulnerability: Scale, Power and Daily Life.” GeoJournal 30 (2): 127-140.
Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T. & Davis, I. (2004). At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability and Disasters, Routledge, London.
Yıldırım, E. (2023). “Depremde Dinin Toplumsal Anlamı ve Dini Topluluklar”, iç. Fahri Çakı ve Kadir Canatan (edt.) Deprem ve Toplum, Konya: Çizgi Yay. 143-158.
Yılmaz, S. ve Işıtan, İ. (2012). “Doğal Afetlerin Psiko-Sosyal Sonuçları: Van Depremi Örneği”, Toplum Bilimleri, 6 (11) : 7-29.
Referanslar
AIDR (2017). Communities Responding to Disasters: Planning for Spontaneous Volunteers. Australian Disaster Resilience Handbook 12.
Altun, F. (2022). "Dezenformasyon Gölgesinde Dijital Aktivizm Ve Siyasal Katılmaya Bağlı Olarak Sosyal Medyanın ‘Öteki’ Yüzü." 5. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Ve Eğitim Bilimleri Sempozyumu (Usves) Tam Metin Kitabı. ISBN: 978-625-7501-57-6.
Arcaya, M., Raker, E. J. & Waters, M. C. (2020). "The Social Consequences of Disasters: Individual and Community Change" Annu. Rev. Sociol. 2020. 46:671–91.
Australian Red Cross (2010). “Spontaneous Volunteer Management Resource Kit. Helping to Manage Spontaneous Volunteers in Emergencies” https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/05_2012/spontaneous.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 13.05. 2018).
Bağlı, M. (2023). “Deprem ve Kötülük Sorunu”, iç. Fahri Çakı ve Kadir Canatan (edt.) Deprem ve Toplum, Konya: Çizgi Yay. 211-225.
Bankoff, G. (2001). “Rendering the world unsafe: ‘vulnerability’ as western discourse”, Disasters, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 19-35.
Barton, A. H. (1969). Communities in Disaster: A Socioloaical Analysis of Collective Stress Situations. New York: Doubleday.
Bello, O., Bustamante, A. & Pizarro, P. (2021). Planning for disaster risk reduction within the framework of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Project Documents (LC/TS.2020/108), Santiago, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC).
Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I, & Wisner, B. (1994). At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability, and Disasters. London and New York: Routledge.
Bolin, B. (2007). “Race, class, ethnicity, and disaster vulnerability” in Handbook of Disaster Research, ed.H. Rodríguez, EL Quarantelli, R.R. Dynes, pp. 113–29. New York: Springer
Caldera, H.J. & Wirasinghe, S.C. (2022). "A universal severity classification for natural disasters", Natural Hazards (2022) 111:1533–1573 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-05106-9.
CRED (Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters) (2020). EM-DAT International Disaster Database [online] https://www.emdat.be/ (Erişim: 13.04.2018).
Çakı, F. (2020). “Giriş” iç. Fahri Çakı (ed.) Modernitenin Pandemik Halleri. Ankara: Nobel Yay.
Çakı, F. (2022). “Kırılganlık Perspektifinden Afet ve Afetzedeler” iç. Ayşegül Demir (ed.) Dezavantajlı Gruplar Sosyolojisi, Çanakkale: Paradigma Akademi Yay.
Dynes, R. (2000). “The Dialogue between Voltaire and Rousseau on the Lisbon Earthquake: The Emergence of a Social Science View”. International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 18, 1: 97-115.
Edmonds, K. (2012). "Beyond Good Intentions: The Structural Limitations of NGOs in Haiti", Critical Sociology, 39(3) 439–452.
Enarson, E., Fothergill, A., & Peek, L. (2018). Gender and disasters. In H. Rodríguez, W. Donner, & J. E. Trainor (Eds.), Handbook of disaster research (2nd ed., pp. 205–223). New York: Springer.
Erikson, K.T. (1976). Everything in Its Path: Destruction of Community in the Buffalo Creek Flood. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Faas, A.J. (2018). “Petit capitalisms in disaster, or the limits of neoliberal imagination: displacement, recovery, and opportunism in highland Ecuador”, Economic Anthropology, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 32-44.
Fritz, C. E.(1961). “Disaster” In Robert K. Merton and Robert A. Nisbet (eds.), Contemporary Social Problems. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Furedi, F. (2007). “Changing Meaning of Disaster,” Area, 39 (4), 482-489.
Gurung, S. & Kandangwa, S. (2016). Preparing to Volunteer in Disaster Situation A Study of Volunteers’ Experiences in the April 2015 Nepal Earthquake. Thesis, Spring 2016 Diaconia University of Applied Sciences, Degree Programme in Social Services Option in Community Development Work, Bachelor of Social Services (UAS).
Helsloot, I. & Ruitenberg, A. (2004). “Citizen Response to Disasters: A Survey of Literature and Some Practical Implications.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 12 (3): 98 – 111.
Hsu, M., Howitt, R. & Miller, F. (2015). “Procedural vulnerability and institutional capacity deficits in post-disaster recovery and reconstruction: insights from wutai rukai experiences of typhoon morakot”, Human Organization, Vol. 74 No. 4, pp. 308-318.
Hyndmann, J. (2009). Siting conflict and peace in post-tsunami Sri Lanka and Aceh, Indonesia. Norwegian Journal of Geography 63: 89–96.
Khan, H., Vasilescu, L.G. & Khan, A. (2008). “Disaster management cycle – a theoretical approach,” Management & Marketing. 6(1): 43-50.
Koh, H.K., Cadigan, R.O. (2008). “Disaster Preparedness and Social Capital.” In: Kawachi, I., Subramanian, S., Kim, D. (eds) Social Capital and Health. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71311-3_13
Kroll-Smith, S. (2018). Recovering inequality: Hurricane Katrina, the San Francisco earthquake of 1906, and the aftermath of disaster. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Leroy, S. A.G. (2020). Natural Hazards, Landscapes and Civilizations. Elsevier
Logan, J.R., Issar, S., & Xu, Z. (2016).”Trapped in place? Segmented resilience to hurricanes in the Gulf Coast, 1970–2005”. Demography 53(5):1511–34.
Marchezini, V. (2015). “The biopolitics of disaster: power, discourses, and practices”, Human Organization, Vol. 74 No. 4, pp. 362-371.
Nigg, J. M. & Tierney, K. J. (1993). "Disasters and Social Change: Consequences for Community Construct and Affect," University of Delaware Disaster Research Center Preliminary Paper #I95.
Nigg, J. M. & Tierney, K. J. (1993). "Disasters and Social Change: Consequences for Community Construct and Affect" University of Delaware Disaster Research Center Preliminary Paper #I95.
Okumuş, E. (2002). “Tabii Afetler, Din ve Toplum”, İslami Araştırmalar Dergisi, cilt 15, sayı 3, Ss. 339-373.
Oliver-Smith, A. (1996). "Anthropological Research on Hazards and Disasters", Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 25 (1996), pp. 303-328.
Oliver-Smith, A. (1999). “Peru’s five-hundred-year earthquake: vulnerability in historical context”, in Oliver-Smith, A. and Hoffman, S.M. (Eds), The Angry Earth: Disaster in Anthropological Perspective, Routledge, New York, NY, pp. 74-88.
Pais, J.F & Elliott, J.R. (2008). “Places as recovery machines: vulnerability and neighborhood change after major hurricanes.” Soc. Forces 86(4):1415–53.
Peek, l. (2021). "Sociology of Disasters " in B. Schaefer Caniglia et al. (eds.), Handbook of Environmental Sociology, Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77712-8_11.
Quarantelli, E.L. (2000). "Emergencies, Disasters and Catastrophes Are Different Phenomena" University of Delaware Disaster Research Center, Preliminary Paper #304.
Raker, E.J. (2020). “Natural hazards, disasters, and demographic change: the case of severe tornadoes in the United States, 1980–2010”. Demography 57: 653–74.
Rist, G. (2010). “Development as a Buzzword” in Andrea Cornwall & Deborah Eade (Eds.) Deconstructing Development Discourse Buzzwords and Fuzzwords, Oxford, Oxfam GB.
Roth, F. & Prior, T. (2019). “Volunteerism in Disaster Management – Opportunities, Challenges and Instruments for Improvement,” Risk and Resilience Report, Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zürich.
Ryan, W.B.F. & Pitman, W. (1998). Noah’s Flood: The New Scientific Discoveries About the Event That Changed History, New York: Simon & Schuster.
Schuller, M. (2016). “‘The tremors felt round the world’: Haiti’s earthquake as global imagined community”, in Button, G.V. and Schuller, M. (Eds), Contextualizing Disaster, Berghan, New York, NY, pp. 66-88.
Stallings, R. A. (1988). “Conflict in Natural Disasters: A Codification of Consensus and Conflict Theories." Social Science Quarterly, 69: 569-586.
Stallings, R. A. (2002). “Weberian political sociology and sociological disaster studies.” Sociological Forum, 17(2), 281–305.
Sun, L. & Faas, A.J. (2018). "Social production of disasters and disaster social constructs An exercise in disambiguation and reframing," Disaster Prevention and Management, Vol. 27 No. 5, 2018, pp. 623-635.
Taşgetiren, Ö. (2023). “Deprem ve Siyaset”, iç. Fahri Çakı ve Kadir Canatan (edt.) Deprem ve Toplum, Konya: Çizgi Yay. 335-350.
TBMM (2023). TBMM 2023 Deprem Araştırma Komisyonu Raporu. 25 Mayıs 2023 (Erişim tarihi: 25 Mayıs 2023).
Tierney, K.J. (2019). Disasters: A sociological approach. Medford, MA: Polity Press.
Tierney, K. J. (1989), “Improving theory and research on hazard mitigation: political economy and organizational perspectives”, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 367-396.
TMMOB Makina Mühendisleri Odası (2012). Türkiye’de Deprem Gerçeği Ve TMMOB Makina Mühendisleri Odası’nın Önerileri. Genişletilmiş İkinci Baskı, Nisan 2012, Yayın No: MMO/587. S.2.
UN (2005). Report of the World Conference on Disaster Reduction (A/CONF.206/6), Kobe.
UN/ISDR (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction). (2004). Terminology: Basic Terms of Disaster Risk Reduction. www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng%20home.htm, (Erişim 18/07/2019).
UNDP (2012). Volunteerism and Disasters An extract from the 2011 State of the World’s Volunteerism Report. https://www.preventionweb.net/files/33033_33033bookletswvrvolunteerismanddisa.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 21.04.2023).
Üstün, A. (2023). “Tarihte Önemli Depremler ve Afete Bakışta Değişimler”, iç. Fahri Çakı ve Kadir Canatan (edt.) Deprem ve Toplum, Konya: Çizgi Yay. 41-56.
van Bavel, B., Curtis, D., Dijkman, J., Hannaford, M., de Keyzer, M., van Onacker, E. & Soens, T. (2020). Disasters and History The Vulnerability and Resilience of Past Societies. Cambridge University Press.
Waddell, E. (1975). “How the enga cope with frost: responses to climatic perturbations in the central highlands of New Guinea”, Human Ecology, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 249-273.
Weber, L. & Peek, L. (2012). Displaced: Life in the Katrina Diaspora. Austin:Univ. Tex. Press.
Wisner, B. (1993). “Disaster Vulnerability: Scale, Power and Daily Life.” GeoJournal 30 (2): 127-140.
Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T. & Davis, I. (2004). At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability and Disasters, Routledge, London.
Yıldırım, E. (2023). “Depremde Dinin Toplumsal Anlamı ve Dini Topluluklar”, iç. Fahri Çakı ve Kadir Canatan (edt.) Deprem ve Toplum, Konya: Çizgi Yay. 143-158.
Yılmaz, S. ve Işıtan, İ. (2012). “Doğal Afetlerin Psiko-Sosyal Sonuçları: Van Depremi Örneği”, Toplum Bilimleri, 6 (11) : 7-29.
