Hiperozmolar Hiperlisemik Durum

Lovegrove SS, Dubbs SB. Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State. Emergency medicine clinics of North America. 2023;41(4): 687–696. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2023.07.001

Corwell B, Knight B, Olivieri L, et al. Current diagnosis and treatment of hyperglycemic emer- gencies. Emergency medicine clinics of North America. 2014;32(2): 437–452. doi:10.1016/j. emc.2014.01.004

Rosenbloom AL. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state: an emerging pediatric problem. The Journal of pediatrics. 2010;156(2): 180–184. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.11.057

Adeyinka A, Kondamudi NP. Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome. In StatPearls. StatPe- arls Publishing; 2023..

Mustafa OG, Haq M, Dashora U, et al. Management of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic Sta- te (HHS) in Adults: An updated guideline from the Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for Inpatient Care Group. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association. 2023;40(3): e15005. doi:10.1111/dme.15005

American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 2. Diagnosis and Classifi- cation of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes care. 2024;47(Suppl 1): S20– S42. doi:10.2337/dc24-S002

Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, et al. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabe- tes. Diabetes care. 2009;32(7): 1335–1343. doi:10.2337/dc09-9032

Dhatariya K, Mustafa O, Stathi D. Hyperglycemic Crises. In Feingold KR, et al., editors. Endo- text. MDText.com, Inc.; 2025.

Bartolini E, Valenti R, Sander JW. Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state causing atypical sta- tus epilepticus with hippocampal involvement. Practical neurology. 2022;22(2): 117–119. doi:10.1136/practneurol-2021-003222

Fathallah N, Slim R, Larif S, et al. Drug-induced hyperglycaemia and diabetes. Drug Saf. 2015;38: 1153. [PMID: 26370106]

Umpierrez GE, Davis GM, ElSayed NA, et al. Hyperglycemic Crises in Adults With Diabetes: A Consensus Report. Diabetes care. 2024;47(8): 1257–1275. doi:10.2337/dci24-0032

Vellanki P, Umpierrez GE. Diabetic ketoacidosis: A common debut of diabetes among african americans with type 2 diabetes. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American Colle- ge of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2017;23(8): 971–978. doi:10.4158/EP161679.RA

Umpierrez GE, Davis GM, ElSayed NA, et al. Hyperglycaemic crises in adults with diabetes: a consensus report. Diabetologia. 2024;67(8): 1455–1479. doi:10.1007/s00125-024-06183-8

Paulus MC, Melchers M, van Es A, et al. The urea-to-creatinine ratio as an emerging bio- marker in critical care: a scoping review and meta-analysis. Critical care (London, England). 2025;29(1): 175. doi:10.1186/s13054-025-05396-6

Yavuz DG, editor. Endokrin Aciller. Akademisyen Kitabevi; 2024.

Gershkovich B, English SW, Doyle MA, et al. Choice of crystalloid fluid in the treatment of hy- perglycemic emergencies: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev. 2019;8(1): 228. doi:10.1186/ s13643-019-1130-5

Zeitler P, Haqq A, Rosenbloom A, et al. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome in child- ren: pathophysiological considerations and suggested guidelines for treatment. J Pediatr. 2011;158(1): 9–14. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.09.048

Türkiye Diyabet Bakım Çalışma Grubu. Diabetes mellitus ve komplikasyonlarının tanı, tedavi ve izlem kılavuzu. 2024.

Hirsch IB, Draznin B. Transition of patients to and from insulin degludec: a clinical challenge. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2020;105(6): e2294–e2298.

González-Vidal T, Lambert C, García AV, et al. Hypoglycemia during hyperosmolar hyperg- lycemic crises is associated with long-term mortality. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome. 2024;16(1): 83. doi:10.1186/s13098-024-01321-4

Keenan CR, Murin S, White RH, et al. High risk for venous thromboembolism in diabetics with hyperosmolar state: comparison with other acute medical illnesses. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5: 1185. [PMID: 17403099]

NHS Digital. National Diabetes Inpatient Audit ‐ Harms, 2019. Published 2020. https://digital. nhs.uk/data‐and‐information/publications/statistical/national‐diabetes‐inpatient‐audit—har- ms/national‐diabetes‐inpatient‐audit—harms‐2019/2019

Wolfsdorf J, Glaser N, Sperling MA, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis in infants, children, and ado- lescents: A consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2006;29: 1150.