Çocuğun İnsan Hakları Perspektifinden Dijital Dönüşüm: Etik ve Hukuki Yaklaşımlar
Özet
Dijital teknolojiler, çocukların yaşamını eğitimden iletişime, bilgiye erişimden toplumsal katılıma kadar pek çok alanda dönüştürmektedir. Bu dönüşüm, çocuklara yeni fırsatlar sunarken aynı zamanda mahremiyet ihlalleri, kişisel verilerin kötüye kullanılması, siber zorbalık, çevrim içi cinsel istismar, grooming, sextortion, doxxing, nefret söylemi ve yapay zekâ destekli dijital suçlar gibi yeni risk alanlarını da ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu bölüm, dijital dönüşümü çocuğun insan hakları perspektifinden ele alarak çocukların dijital ortamda hem korunması hem de güçlendirilmesi gerektiğini savunmaktadır. Öncelikle dijitalleşme ve çocuk haklarının kuramsal temelleri incelenmekte; ardından dijital ortamların eğitim, ifade özgürlüğü, katılım ve dijital vatandaşlık açısından sunduğu fırsatlar ile çocukların karşı karşıya kaldıkları etik, hukuki ve kriminolojik sorunlar kapsamlı biçimde değerlendirilmektedir. Ayrıca çocukların yalnızca dijital suçların mağduru değil, bazı durumlarda faili olabileceği gerçeği de çocuk adalet sistemi perspektifiyle tartışılmaktadır. Bölümde Türkiye'deki hukuki düzenlemeler ile Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme, BM Çocuk Hakları Komitesi Genel Yorum No. 25, Lanzarote Sözleşmesi, Budapeşte Siber Suç Sözleşmesi, GDPR ve Dijital Hizmetler Yasası (DSA) birlikte analiz edilmekte; çocukların dijital haklarının etkin biçimde korunmasına yönelik etik ilkeler, önleyici mekanizmalar ve politika önerileri sunulmaktadır. Böylece bölüm, dijital çağda çocuk haklarının korunmasına ilişkin disiplinlerarası ve güncel bir başvuru kaynağı ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.
Digital technologies are transforming children's lives by expanding opportunities for education, communication, access to information, and social participation. At the same time, they expose children to emerging risks, including privacy violations, misuse of personal data, cyberbullying, online child sexual abuse, grooming, sextortion, doxxing, hate speech, and AI-enabled digital crimes. This chapter examines digital transformation from the perspective of the human rights of the child, emphasizing that children should be protected while also being empowered as active rights-holders in digital environments. The chapter outlines the theoretical foundations of digitalization and children's rights and examines both the opportunities and challenges of the digital environment from ethical, legal, and criminological perspectives. It also addresses children not only as victims but, in certain circumstances, as perpetrators of digital offences within the framework of the juvenile justice system. Furthermore, it analyzes the Turkish legal framework alongside key international instruments, including the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 25, the Lanzarote Convention, the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and the Digital Services Act (DSA). Finally, the chapter offers ethical principles, preventive strategies, and policy recommendations to strengthen the protection of children's digital rights.
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