Baş, Boyun ve Toraks Bölgesinin Muayenesi
Özet
Bu çalışma; kedi, köpek, at ve sığır gibi çeşitli hayvan türlerinde baş, boyun ve toraks bölgelerinin sistematik klinik muayene protokollerini kapsamlı bir şekilde sunmaktadır. Muayene süreci, anatomik yapıların fizyolojik bütünlüğünü değerlendirmek ve patolojik değişiklikleri saptamak amacıyla disiplinli bir yaklaşımla ele alınmaktadır. Kulak muayenesi bölümünde, dış, orta ve iç kulağın anatomik yapıları incelenerek otoskopi ve video-otoskopi teknikleri anlatılmaktadır ve türlere özgü işitme kapasiteleri ortaya konulmaktadır. Göz muayenesi, uzak muayene, nöro-oftalmik reflekslerin değerlendirilmesi ve Schirmer, Fluorescein gibi tanısal testleri içeren sistematik bir sıralama ile açıklanmaktadır. Üst solunum yolları ve sinusların değerlendirilmesinde ise rinoskopi ve perküsyonun tanısal değeri üzerinde durulmaktadır. Boyun ve toraks bölümlerinde; trakea, özofagus ve lenfatik yapıların palpasyonu ile atların spesifik cerrahi problemleri işlenmektedir. Göğüs kafesi muayenesi, solunum tipi, kalp odaklarının oskültasyonu ve akciğer sahalarının perküsyonu ile bütünleştirilerek, torasik ultrasonografi ve vertebral heart score (VHS) gibi modern tanı yöntemleriyle desteklenmektedir. Bu bölüm, öğrencilere kapsamlı bir çalışma, klinisyenlere ise cerrahi müdahale öncesi kesin tanı koymada kritik bir yol haritası sunmaktadır.
Referanslar
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Rijnberk A, van Sluijs FS. Medical history and physical examination in companion animals. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2009.
Heine PA. Anatomy of the ear. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2004;34(2): 379–395.
Cole LK. Otoscopic evaluation of the ear canal. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2004;34(2): 397–410.
Heffner RS, Heffner HE. Hearing range of the domestic cat. Hearing Research. 1985;19(1): 85-88.
Hubka P, Konerding W, Kral A, et al. Auditory feedback modulates development of kitten vocalizations. Cell and Tissue Research, 2015;361(1): 279-294.
Shipley C, Buchwald JS, Carterette EC. The role of auditory feedback in the vocalizations of cats. Experimental Brain Research, 1988;69(2): 431-438.
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Peach HG. Cats' ears and stethoscopes. Medical Journal of Australia, 2012;197(11): 673-673. doi:10.5694/mja12.11570
Huang HP, Little CJ, McNeil PE. Histological changes in the external ear canal of dogs with otitis externa. Veterinary Dermatology, 2009;20(5-6): 422-428. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00853.x
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Sommerauer S, Muelling CK, Seeger J, et al. Anatomy and anaesthesia of the equine external ear canal. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 2012;41(6): 395-401. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0264.2012.01148.x
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Lanz OI, Wood BC. Surgery of the ear and pinna. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 2004;34(2): 567-599.
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Palmeiro B, Morris D, Wiemelt S, et al. Evaluation of outcome of otitis media after lavage of the tympanic bulla and long-term antimicrobial drug treatment in dogs: 44 cases (1998-2002). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2004;225(4): 548-553.
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Dziezyc J, Millichamp NJ. Color Atlas of Canine and Feline Ophthalmology. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2004.
Ketring KL, Glaze MB. Atlas of Feline Ophthalmology. 2. baskı. Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012.
Lim CC. Small Animal Ophthalmic Atlas and Guide. Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell; 2015.
Betbeze C. Management of orbital diseases. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 2015;30(3): 107-117.
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Cottrill NB. Anisocoria and abnormalities of the pupillary light reflex: The neuro-ophthalmic examination. Bonagura JD, Twedt DC (eds.), Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy XV içinde. St. Louis: Saunders; 2014.
Kim J, Heo J, Ji D, et al. Quantitative assessment of pupillary light reflex in normal and anesthetized dogs: a preliminary study. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2015;77(4): 475-478.
Paluš V. Neurological examination in small animals. Macedonian Veterinary Review, 2014;37(1): 95-105.
Konold T, Phelan L. Clinical examination protocol to detect atypical and classical scrapie in sheep. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 2014;(83): 51101.
Şengöz Şirin Ö, Şirin MY, Elvan AN. Evaluation of neuroophthalmologic examination in cats and dogs: A retrospective study: 110 cases (2023). Mediterranean Veterinary Journal, 2024;9(1): 230-235.
Erol M, Erol H, Atalan G, et al. Effects of systemically used midazolam, ketamine and isoflurane anesthetic agents on intraocular pressure and tear production in rabbits. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 2018;7(1): 21-25.
Diehl K, Bowden AC. Effect of auriculopalpebral nerve block on equine intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry (TonoVet®). Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2020;23(2): 368-373.
Beniwal R, Das B, Jawre S, et al. Diagnostic approaches in veterinary ophthalmology: A brief review. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2023;12(3): 2525-2529.
Kovalcuka L, König NAM, Petersen PVH, et al. Normal Range for the Schirmer Tear Test and Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Latvian Darkhead Lambs and Ewes. Veterinary Sciences, 2023;10(6): 392.
Dodi PL. Immune-mediated keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs: current perspectives on management. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, 2015;6: 341-347.
Sağlam K, Düz E. Measurement of Tear Production in Van Cats with The Phenol Red Thread Test. Van Veterinary Journal, 2023;34(1): 14-17.
Mitchell N. Examination Technique: Using fluorescein stain. EyeVet Newsletter, 2009; Autumn: 1-4.
Palmer S, Ramos RV, Rodriguez Galarza RM. Clinical comparison of tear film breakup time measurements in normal dogs using three different methods of fluorescein solution administration. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2021;24(5): 503-508.
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Referanslar
Cole LK. Anatomy and physiology of the canine ear. Veterinary Dermatology. 2009;20(5-6): 412-421. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00849.x
Rijnberk A, van Sluijs FS. Medical history and physical examination in companion animals. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2009.
Heine PA. Anatomy of the ear. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2004;34(2): 379–395.
Cole LK. Otoscopic evaluation of the ear canal. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2004;34(2): 397–410.
Heffner RS, Heffner HE. Hearing range of the domestic cat. Hearing Research. 1985;19(1): 85-88.
Hubka P, Konerding W, Kral A, et al. Auditory feedback modulates development of kitten vocalizations. Cell and Tissue Research, 2015;361(1): 279-294.
Shipley C, Buchwald JS, Carterette EC. The role of auditory feedback in the vocalizations of cats. Experimental Brain Research, 1988;69(2): 431-438.
Strain GM. Canine deafness. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 2012;42(6): 1209-1224.
Peach HG. Cats' ears and stethoscopes. Medical Journal of Australia, 2012;197(11): 673-673. doi:10.5694/mja12.11570
Huang HP, Little CJ, McNeil PE. Histological changes in the external ear canal of dogs with otitis externa. Veterinary Dermatology, 2009;20(5-6): 422-428. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00853.x
Blanke A, Fischer ML, Fuchs M, et al. Endoscopic findings of the external ear canal in a group of clinically normal horses and horses with head shaking or vestibular disease. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 2014;127(3-4): 99-107.
Sommerauer S, Muelling CK, Seeger J, et al. Anatomy and anaesthesia of the equine external ear canal. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 2012;41(6): 395-401. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0264.2012.01148.x
Radostits OM. Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses. 9. baskı. London: W.B. Saunders; 2000.
Englar RE. Performing the Small Animal Physical Examination. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell; 2017.
Overall KL. Clinical Behavioral Medicine for Small Animals. St. Louis: Mosby; 1997.
Medleau L, Hnilica KA. (eds.) Small Animal Dermatology: A Color Atlas and Therapeutic Guide. 2. baskı. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2006.
Matousek JL. Diseases of the ear pinna. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 2004;34(2): 511-540.
Lanz OI, Wood BC. Surgery of the ear and pinna. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 2004;34(2): 567-599.
Bleul U, Ahrens E, Stranzinger G, et al. Auricular chondropathy in two Swiss Braunvieh heifers. Veterinary Record, 2006;159(26): 890-892.
Samsar E, Akın F, Anteplioğlu H. Klinik Tanı Yöntemleri ve Genel Cerrahi. 6. baskı. Ankara: Tamer Yayıncılık; 1996.
Siegal M. The Cornell Book of Cats: A Comprehensive Medical Reference for Every Cat and Kitten. 1. baskı. New York: Villard Books; 1989.
Angus JC. Otic cytology in health and disease. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 2004;34(2): 411-424.
Rosser EJ Jr. Causes of otitis externa. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 2004;34(2): 459-468.
Coatesworth J. Examination of the canine ear. Companion Animal, 2011;16(8): 31-35.
Angus JC. Diseases of the ear. Campbell KL (ed.), Small Animal Dermatology Secrets içinde. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus; 2004. p. 364-384.
Welch Allyn. Direct and Indirect Veterinary Eye and Ear Examination Instructions. Skaneateles Falls, NY: Welch Allyn; 2016.
Taylor SM. Small Animal Clinical Techniques. 3. baskı. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2020.
Gotthelf LN. Diagnosis and treatment of otitis media in dogs and cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 2004;34(2): 469-487.
Strain G, Fernandes A. Handheld tympanometer measurements in conscious dogs for the evaluation of the middle ear and auditory tube. Veterinary Dermatology, 2015;26(3): 193-197.
Palmeiro B, Morris D, Wiemelt S, et al. Evaluation of outcome of otitis media after lavage of the tympanic bulla and long-term antimicrobial drug treatment in dogs: 44 cases (1998-2002). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2004;225(4): 548-553.
Botelho CB, Tortoriello R, Koch SN, et al. Clinical aspects of middle ear tympanokeratoma in dogs diagnosed through advanced imaging, otoendoscopy and histopathological evaluation. Veterinary Dermatology, 2025;36(4): 417-423.
Classen J, Bruehschwein A, Meyer-Lindenberg A, et al. Comparison of ultrasound imaging and video otoscopy with cross-sectional imaging for the diagnosis of canine otitis media. The Veterinary Journal, 2016;217: 68-71.
Radostits OM, Mayhew IG, Houston DM. Veterinary Clinical Examination and Diagnosis. London: W.B. Saunders; 2000.
Harvey A, Tasker S. (eds.) BSAVA Manual of Feline Practice: A Foundational Manual. 2. baskı. Gloucester: British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 2013.
Gould D, McLellan G. (eds.) BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Ophthalmology. 2. baskı. Gloucester: British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 2015.
Gelatt KN. Essentials of Veterinary Ophthalmology. 3. baskı. Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell; 2014.
Maggs DJ, Miller PE, Ofri R. Slatter’s Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology. 5. baskı. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2013.
Dziezyc J, Millichamp NJ. Color Atlas of Canine and Feline Ophthalmology. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2004.
Ketring KL, Glaze MB. Atlas of Feline Ophthalmology. 2. baskı. Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012.
Lim CC. Small Animal Ophthalmic Atlas and Guide. Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell; 2015.
Betbeze C. Management of orbital diseases. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 2015;30(3): 107-117.
Forrester SD, Greco DS, Relford RL. Serum hyperviscosity syndrome associated with multiple-myeloma in 2 cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1992;200(1): 79-82.
Fitzgerald KT, Bronstein AC, Newquist KL. Marijuana poisoning. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 2013;28(1): 8-12.
Cottrill NB. Anisocoria and abnormalities of the pupillary light reflex: The neuro-ophthalmic examination. Bonagura JD, Twedt DC (eds.), Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy XV içinde. St. Louis: Saunders; 2014.
Kim J, Heo J, Ji D, et al. Quantitative assessment of pupillary light reflex in normal and anesthetized dogs: a preliminary study. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2015;77(4): 475-478.
Paluš V. Neurological examination in small animals. Macedonian Veterinary Review, 2014;37(1): 95-105.
Konold T, Phelan L. Clinical examination protocol to detect atypical and classical scrapie in sheep. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 2014;(83): 51101.
Şengöz Şirin Ö, Şirin MY, Elvan AN. Evaluation of neuroophthalmologic examination in cats and dogs: A retrospective study: 110 cases (2023). Mediterranean Veterinary Journal, 2024;9(1): 230-235.
Erol M, Erol H, Atalan G, et al. Effects of systemically used midazolam, ketamine and isoflurane anesthetic agents on intraocular pressure and tear production in rabbits. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 2018;7(1): 21-25.
Diehl K, Bowden AC. Effect of auriculopalpebral nerve block on equine intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry (TonoVet®). Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2020;23(2): 368-373.
Beniwal R, Das B, Jawre S, et al. Diagnostic approaches in veterinary ophthalmology: A brief review. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2023;12(3): 2525-2529.
Kovalcuka L, König NAM, Petersen PVH, et al. Normal Range for the Schirmer Tear Test and Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Latvian Darkhead Lambs and Ewes. Veterinary Sciences, 2023;10(6): 392.
Dodi PL. Immune-mediated keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs: current perspectives on management. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, 2015;6: 341-347.
Sağlam K, Düz E. Measurement of Tear Production in Van Cats with The Phenol Red Thread Test. Van Veterinary Journal, 2023;34(1): 14-17.
Mitchell N. Examination Technique: Using fluorescein stain. EyeVet Newsletter, 2009; Autumn: 1-4.
Palmer S, Ramos RV, Rodriguez Galarza RM. Clinical comparison of tear film breakup time measurements in normal dogs using three different methods of fluorescein solution administration. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2021;24(5): 503-508.
Gordon JA, Maseedupally V, Truong MK, et al. Optimizing Light Source and Filter Combinations for Slit-Lamp Microscopy. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2024;65(7): 3391.
WSAVA. Cool Eye Cases. WSAVA 2013 Congress Proceedings içinde. Auckland, New Zealand; 2013.
Mironovich MA, Mitchell MS, Liu CC, et al. The effect of topical ophthalmic proparacaine, fluorescein, and tropicamide on subsequent bacterial cultures in healthy dogs. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2022;25(1): 44-51.
Stoppini R, Gilger BC. Equine ocular examination basic techniques. Gilger BC (ed.), Equine Ophthalmology içinde. 3. baskı. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2017. p. 1-40.
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