Temel Cerrahi Müdahaleler ve Enjeksiyon Teknikleri
Özet
Bu bölüm, veteriner hekimlikte kullanılan temel cerrahi müdahaleler ve enjeksiyon tekniklerini teorik ve pratik yönleriyle ele almaktadır. Enjeksiyonun tanımı yapılarak sterilizasyon, asepsi-antisepsi kuralları, uygun ekipman seçimi ve doğru uygulama teknikleri gibi temel prensipler vurgulanmıştır. İntravenöz, intramusküler, subkutan, intradermal ve intraperitoneal gibi farklı enjeksiyon yolları türlere özgü uygulama bölgeleri ile birlikte açıklanmıştır. Bölümde ayrıca punksiyon, ensizyon, drenaj, aspirasyon ve pansuman gibi temel cerrahi işlemler ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır. Bu işlemlerde kullanılan aletler, uygulama basamakları ve anatomik noktalar detaylandırılarak güvenli ve etkili müdahale prensipleri ortaya konmuştur. Doku hasarını en aza indirme, enfeksiyonları önleme ve iyileşmeyi destekleme temel hedefler arasında yer almaktadır. Yara bakımı kapsamında pansuman çeşitleri, kullanılan materyaller ve antiseptik uygulamalar açıklanmış; drenaj ve bandaj tekniklerinin iyileşme sürecindeki önemi vurgulanmıştır. Bu bölüm, veteriner hekim adayları ve uygulayıcılar için temel klinik becerilerin kazanılmasına yönelik kapsamlı bir rehber niteliğindedir.
This section presents fundamental surgical interventions and injection techniques used in veterinary practice, emphasizing both theoretical principles and practical applications. It begins with the definition of injections and outlines essential precautions such as sterility, asepsis, appropriate equipment selection, and correct administration techniques. Various injection routes—including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, and intraperitoneal—are described with species-specific considerations. The chapter further explains key surgical procedures such as puncture (paracentesis), incision, drainage, aspiration, and wound management. Detailed guidance is provided on the selection and application of instruments, procedural steps, and anatomical landmarks to ensure safe and effective interventions. Special emphasis is placed on minimizing tissue damage, preventing infection, and maintaining physiological integrity during procedures. In addition, wound care practices, including dressing types, materials, and antiseptic applications, are discussed. The section highlights the importance of proper postoperative care, drainage systems, and bandaging techniques in promoting healing and preventing complications. Overall, this chapter serves as a comprehensive guide for veterinary students and practitioners to develop essential clinical skills in basic surgical procedures and injection techniques.
Referanslar
Abdisa T. Review on practical guidance of veterinary clinical diagnostic approach. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research. 2017; 4(4): 1085.
Yeşilyurt H, Çelebi M, Karagül Öf, Şahin Y, Çenet Z. Hayvan Yetiştiriciliği ve Sağlığı Alanı, Klinik Hizmetleri. 11. Ders Materyali. (10.03.2026 tarihinde https://meslek.meb.gov.tr/upload/dersmateryali/pdf/HYS2025KH1107.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Anteplioğlu H, Samsar E, Akın F. Genel şirurji (4. baskı). Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları No: 415. 1990.
Aslanbey D. Veteriner operasyon bilgisi. Medipress. 2002a.
Aslanbey D. Veteriner ortopedi ve travmatoloji. Medipress. 2002b.
Aslanbey D, Candaş, A. Veteriner özel operasyon. Demircan Yayınevi. 1987
Ben-Ametz R, Lanz OI, Miller JM, et al. The use of vacuum-assisted closure therapy for the treatment of distal extremity wounds in 15 dogs. Veterinary Surgery. 2007; 36(7): 664–690.
Bersan E, Maddes T, Wilmsley G, et al. CT-guided drainage of a brainstem abscess in a cat as an emergency treatment procedure. JFMS Open Reports. 2020; 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2055119120911111
Bohling MW, Swaim SE. Bandaging and drainage techniques: Bandaging open wounds. In M. J. Bojrab (Ed.), Current techniques in small animal surgery (5th ed., pp. 13–21). Teton NewMedia. 2014. P. https://www.ivis.org/library/current-techniques-small-animal-surgery-5th-edition/bandaging-and-drainage-techniques.
Boothe DM. Small animal clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (2nd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. 2012.
Davis MH, Ponnamperuma GG, McAleer S, et al. (2006). The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) as a determinant of veterinary clinical skills. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education. 2012. 33(4); 578–587. https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme.33.4.578
Dugdale A. Chest drains and drainage techniques. In Practice. 2000. 22(2) 2–15. https://doi.org/10.1136/inpract.22.1.2
Fossum TW (2013). Small animal surgery (5th ed.). Elsevier.
Hayal A, Han MC, Sağlıyan A, et al. (2009). Different treatments of olecranon bursitis in six horses. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8(5), 1032–1034.
Hayat A (Ed). Veteriner genel cerrahi. Akademisyen Kitabevi. 2024.
Jackson PGG, Cockcroft PD. Clinical examination of farm animals. Blackwell Science. 2002.
Jorge HG, Reid H. Use of dressings and bandages in equine wound management. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice. 2005. 21(1); 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2004.11.004
Kirkby K, Wheeler JL, Farese JP, et al. Vacuum-assisted wound closure: Application and mechanism of action. Compendium: Continuing Education for Veterinarians, 2009. 31(12), 578–586.
Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı. (2015). Enjeksiyon. Hayvan Yetiştiriciliği ve Sağlığı Alanı. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları. (10.03.2026 tarihinde https://megep.meb.gov.tr/mte_program_modul/moduller/Enjeksiyon.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı. (2020). Hayvan yetiştiriciliği ve sağlığı alanı: Klinik hizmetleri (11. ders materyali). Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları. (10.03.2026 tarihinde https://meslek.meb.gov.tr/upload/dersmateryali/pdf/HYS2025KH1107.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Pavletic MM. Atlas of small animal wound management and reconstructive surgery. John Wiley & Sons. 2018.
Pope ER, Swan S. Wound drainage from under full-thickness skin grafts in dogs: A quantitative evaluation of four techniques. Veterinary Surgery, 1986. 15, 66–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.1986.tb01078.x
Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD. Veterinary medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats (10th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. 2007.
Randy B. Equine wound management: Bandages, casts, and external support. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice,2018; 34(3), 557–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2018.07.010
Rasmussen L. Stomach. In D. Slatter (Ed.), Textbook of small animal surgery Saunders. 2003. pp. 592–640.
Riviere JE, Papich MG. Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (10th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. 2018.
Samsar E, Akın F. Dış hastalıklarında klinik tanı yöntemleri. Medipress. 2000.
Samsar E, Akın F. Dış hastalıklarında klinik tanı yöntemleri. Medipress. 2005.
Smok D. Teaching surgery to the veterinary novice: The Ohio State University experience. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education. 2007; 34(1), 600–607.
Suckow MA, Stevens KA, Wilson RP. The laboratory rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, and other rodents. Elsevier. 2012.
Tagesu A. Manual guidance of veterinary clinical practice and laboratory. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018; 1(1), 014–023.
Turner PV, Brabb T, Pekow C, Vasbinder MA. Administration of substances to laboratory animals: Routes of administration and factors to consider. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 2011; 50(5), 600–613.
Willard SD. Initial wound management. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 2006; 36(4), 713–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.04.003
Yücel R. Veteriner özel cerrahi. Pethask Veteriner Hekimliği Yayınları. 1992.
Referanslar
Abdisa T. Review on practical guidance of veterinary clinical diagnostic approach. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research. 2017; 4(4): 1085.
Yeşilyurt H, Çelebi M, Karagül Öf, Şahin Y, Çenet Z. Hayvan Yetiştiriciliği ve Sağlığı Alanı, Klinik Hizmetleri. 11. Ders Materyali. (10.03.2026 tarihinde https://meslek.meb.gov.tr/upload/dersmateryali/pdf/HYS2025KH1107.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Anteplioğlu H, Samsar E, Akın F. Genel şirurji (4. baskı). Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları No: 415. 1990.
Aslanbey D. Veteriner operasyon bilgisi. Medipress. 2002a.
Aslanbey D. Veteriner ortopedi ve travmatoloji. Medipress. 2002b.
Aslanbey D, Candaş, A. Veteriner özel operasyon. Demircan Yayınevi. 1987
Ben-Ametz R, Lanz OI, Miller JM, et al. The use of vacuum-assisted closure therapy for the treatment of distal extremity wounds in 15 dogs. Veterinary Surgery. 2007; 36(7): 664–690.
Bersan E, Maddes T, Wilmsley G, et al. CT-guided drainage of a brainstem abscess in a cat as an emergency treatment procedure. JFMS Open Reports. 2020; 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2055119120911111
Bohling MW, Swaim SE. Bandaging and drainage techniques: Bandaging open wounds. In M. J. Bojrab (Ed.), Current techniques in small animal surgery (5th ed., pp. 13–21). Teton NewMedia. 2014. P. https://www.ivis.org/library/current-techniques-small-animal-surgery-5th-edition/bandaging-and-drainage-techniques.
Boothe DM. Small animal clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (2nd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. 2012.
Davis MH, Ponnamperuma GG, McAleer S, et al. (2006). The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) as a determinant of veterinary clinical skills. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education. 2012. 33(4); 578–587. https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme.33.4.578
Dugdale A. Chest drains and drainage techniques. In Practice. 2000. 22(2) 2–15. https://doi.org/10.1136/inpract.22.1.2
Fossum TW (2013). Small animal surgery (5th ed.). Elsevier.
Hayal A, Han MC, Sağlıyan A, et al. (2009). Different treatments of olecranon bursitis in six horses. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8(5), 1032–1034.
Hayat A (Ed). Veteriner genel cerrahi. Akademisyen Kitabevi. 2024.
Jackson PGG, Cockcroft PD. Clinical examination of farm animals. Blackwell Science. 2002.
Jorge HG, Reid H. Use of dressings and bandages in equine wound management. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice. 2005. 21(1); 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2004.11.004
Kirkby K, Wheeler JL, Farese JP, et al. Vacuum-assisted wound closure: Application and mechanism of action. Compendium: Continuing Education for Veterinarians, 2009. 31(12), 578–586.
Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı. (2015). Enjeksiyon. Hayvan Yetiştiriciliği ve Sağlığı Alanı. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları. (10.03.2026 tarihinde https://megep.meb.gov.tr/mte_program_modul/moduller/Enjeksiyon.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı. (2020). Hayvan yetiştiriciliği ve sağlığı alanı: Klinik hizmetleri (11. ders materyali). Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları. (10.03.2026 tarihinde https://meslek.meb.gov.tr/upload/dersmateryali/pdf/HYS2025KH1107.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Pavletic MM. Atlas of small animal wound management and reconstructive surgery. John Wiley & Sons. 2018.
Pope ER, Swan S. Wound drainage from under full-thickness skin grafts in dogs: A quantitative evaluation of four techniques. Veterinary Surgery, 1986. 15, 66–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.1986.tb01078.x
Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD. Veterinary medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats (10th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. 2007.
Randy B. Equine wound management: Bandages, casts, and external support. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice,2018; 34(3), 557–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2018.07.010
Rasmussen L. Stomach. In D. Slatter (Ed.), Textbook of small animal surgery Saunders. 2003. pp. 592–640.
Riviere JE, Papich MG. Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (10th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. 2018.
Samsar E, Akın F. Dış hastalıklarında klinik tanı yöntemleri. Medipress. 2000.
Samsar E, Akın F. Dış hastalıklarında klinik tanı yöntemleri. Medipress. 2005.
Smok D. Teaching surgery to the veterinary novice: The Ohio State University experience. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education. 2007; 34(1), 600–607.
Suckow MA, Stevens KA, Wilson RP. The laboratory rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, and other rodents. Elsevier. 2012.
Tagesu A. Manual guidance of veterinary clinical practice and laboratory. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018; 1(1), 014–023.
Turner PV, Brabb T, Pekow C, Vasbinder MA. Administration of substances to laboratory animals: Routes of administration and factors to consider. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 2011; 50(5), 600–613.
Willard SD. Initial wound management. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 2006; 36(4), 713–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.04.003
Yücel R. Veteriner özel cerrahi. Pethask Veteriner Hekimliği Yayınları. 1992.
