Gebelikte Karın Ağrısı

Özet

Gebelikte karın ağrısı, antenatal dönemin en yaygın semptomlarından biri olup, gebelerin yaklaşık %80-90'ında görülür ve genellikle fizyolojik değişikliklerden kaynaklanır. Ancak, bu ağrıların %5-15'inde ciddi obstetrik veya non-obstetrik patolojiler yatabilir; bunlar maternal ve fetal morbidite/mortaliteyi artırabilir. Bu bölümde, gebelikte karın ağrısının etiyolojisi, patofizyolojisi, klinik prezentasyonu, tanısal stratejileri, tedavi yaklaşımları ve prognostik faktörleri, güncel uluslararası kılavuzlar temelinde kapsamlı bir şekilde ele alınmaktadır. Özellikle Ameriken Obstetrik ve Jinekoloji Derneği (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) (ACOG) 2024 güncellemeleri, Kraliyet Obstetri ve Jinekoloji Derneği (Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists) (RCOG) Green-top Guideline No. 41 (2023 revizyonu) ve Ulusal Sağlık ve Bakım Mükemmelliği Enstitüsü (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) (NICE) antenatal bakım rehberleri gibi kaynaklar, erken değerlendirme, güvenli görüntüleme ve multidisipliner yönetimin önemini vurgulamaktadır. Gebelik sırasında hormonal dalgalanmalar (progesteron ve relaksin artışı), rahim büyümesi, ligament gerilmesi, bağırsak motilitesi azalması ve anatomik değişiklikler (örneğin, apendiksin superiora kayması) gibi fizyolojik faktörler, hafif ve geçici ağrıları tetikler. Etiyolojik olarak, ağrılar obstetrik (gebeliğe özgü) ve non-obstetrik olarak sınıflandırılır. Obstetrik nedenler arasında, ilk trimesterde implantasyon krampları, düşük tehdidi ve dış gebelik (%1-2 insidans), ikinci trimesterde yuvarlak bağ ağrısı (round ligament pain, %10-30) ve Braxton Hicks kasılmaları, üçüncü trimesterde plasenta dekolmanı (abrüptio plasenta, %0,5-1), plasenta previa (%0,5), erken doğum eylemi (%10-15 preterm risk) ve preeklampsi ile hemoliz, yüksek enzimler, düşük trombosit (HELLP) sendromu (%5-8) yer alır. Non-obstetrik nedenler ise gastrointestinal (kabızlık %30-50, akut apandisit %0,1-0,2, akut kolesistit %0,05-0,1), ürolojik [idrar yolu enfeksiyonu (İYE)] %5-10, piyelonefrit %1-2, böbrek taşı %0,05-0,1), jinekolojik (over kisti rüptürü %1-2, adneksal torsiyon %0,1, myom dejenerasyonu %1-5) içerir. Patofizyolojide, progesteron etkisiyle gastrointestinal motilite azalır (%20-30 yavaşlama), relaksin ligamentleri gevşetir. Ciddi durumlarda, dış gebelikte tubal rüptür peritoneal irritasyon yaratır; plasenta dekolmanında retroplasental hematom uterin kontraksiyonları tetikler. Klinik bulgular trimester bazında varyasyon gösterir. Tanısal yaklaşımlarda, ultrason altın standarttır; Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme (MRG) radyasyon içermez. Tedavi, altta yatan nedene yönelik olarak planlanır: Fizyolojik ağrılarda dinlenme ve asetaminofen yeterli olurken; obstetrik acil durumlarda hospitalizasyon ve tokolitik ajanlar ön plandadır. Prognoz, erken müdahaleye bağlıdır. Fizyolojik ağrılarda mükemmel, dış gebelikte ise maternal mortalite oranı %1’in altındadır. Gelecekteki araştırmalar, yapay zeka destekli ultrason ve biyobelirteçlere odaklanmaktadır.

Abdominal pain in pregnancy is one of the most common symptoms in the antenatal period, occurring in approximately 80-90% of pregnant women and usually arising from physiological changes. However, 5-15% of these pains may indicate serious obstetric or non-obstetric pathologies, which can increase maternal and fetal morbidity/mortality. This section comprehensively examines the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic strategies, treatment approaches, and prognostic factors of abdominal pain in pregnancy, based on current international guidelines. In particular, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) 2024 updates, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) Green-top Guideline No. 41 (2023 revision), and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) antenatal care guidelines emphasize the importance of early evaluation, safe imaging, and multidisciplinary management. Physiological factors such as hormonal fluctuations (increase in progesterone and relaxin), uterine enlargement, ligament stretching, decreased bowel motility, and anatomical changes (e.g., upward displacement of the appendix) trigger mild and transient pains. Etiologically, pains are classified as obstetric (pregnancy-specific) and non-obstetric. Obstetric causes include implantation cramps, threatened miscarriage, and ectopic pregnancy (1-2% incidence) in the first trimester; round ligament pain (10-30%) and Braxton Hicks contractions in the second trimester; placental abruption (0,5-1 %), placenta previa (0.5%), preterm labor (10-15% preterm risk), and preeclampsia with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count (HEELP) syndrome (5-8%) in the third trimester. Non-obstetric causes include gastrointestinal (constipation 30-50%, acute appendicitis 0,1-0,2 %, acute cholecystitis 0,05-0,1 %), urological [urinary tract infection (UTI)]5-10%, pyelonephritis 1-2%, kidney stones 0,05-0,1 %), and gynecological (ovarian cyst rupture 1-2%, adnexal torsion 0,1 %, myoma degeneration 1-5%). In pathophysiology, progesterone reduces gastrointestinal motility (20-30% slowdown), relaxin loosens ligaments. In serious cases, tubal rupture in ectopic pregnancy causes peritoneal irritation; retroplacental hematoma in placental abruption triggers uterine contractions. Clinical findings vary by trimester. In diagnostic approaches, ultrasound is the gold standard; Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is radiation-free. Treatment is cause-oriented: Rest, acetaminophen for physiological pains; hospitalization, tocolytic agents for obstetric emergencies. Prognosis depends on early intervention: Excellent for physiological pains; maternal mortality <1% in ectopic pregnancy with early diagnosis. Future research focuses on Artificial Intelligence supported ultrasound and biomarkers.

Referanslar

Dhamecha R, Goyal BK, Kumar S, et al. Acute Abdomen in Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnosis and Management. Cureus. 2023;15(6):e40112. doi:10.7759/cureus.40112

Zachariah SK, Fenn M, Jacob K, et al. Management of acute abdomen in pregnancy: current perspectives. International Journal of Women's Health. 2019;11:119-134. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S151501

Cappell MS. The fetal safety and clinical efficacy of gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America . 2003;32(1):123-179. doi:10.1016/s0889-8553(02)00060-2

Mayer IE, Hussain H. Abdominal pain during pregnancy. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 1998;27(1):1-36. doi:10.1016/s0889-8553(05)70295-3

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics. Practice Bulletin No. 174: Evaluation and Management of Adnexal Masses Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016;128(5):e210-e226. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001768 (Updated 2024)

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 191: Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(2):e65-e77. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002501

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. RCOG Green-top Guideline No. 31: The Investigation and Management of the Small-for-Gestational-Age Fetus. 2013 (Updated 2023).

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE Guideline: Antenatal Care [NG201]. 2021 (Updated 2025).

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 723: Guidelines for Diagnostic Imaging During Pregnancy and Lactation. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(4):e210-e216. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002355 (Updated 2024)

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 226: Preeclampsia and Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;136(4):e128-e144. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004077

Augustin G, Hadzic M, Milosevic S, et al. Acute abdomen in the pregnant patient. Current diagnostic and therapeutic options. Scandinavian Journal of Surgery 2020;109(3):177-184. doi:10.1177/1457496919863933

Longo SA, Moore RC, Canzoneri BJ, et al. Gastrointestinal conditions during pregnancy. Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery 2010;23(2):80-89. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1254294

Pearl JP, Price RR, Tonkin AE, et al. SAGES guidelines for the use of laparoscopy during pregnancy. Surgical Endoscopy and Other Interventional Techniques 2017;31(10):3767-3782. doi:10.1007/s00464-017-5637-3

Augustin G. Acute abdomen during pregnancy. Springer; 2018. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72995-4

Barloon TJ, Brown BP, Abu-Yousef MM, et al. Sonography of acute appendicitis in pregnancy. Abdominal Imaging 1995;20(2):149-151. doi:10.1007/BF00201531

Referanslar

Dhamecha R, Goyal BK, Kumar S, et al. Acute Abdomen in Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnosis and Management. Cureus. 2023;15(6):e40112. doi:10.7759/cureus.40112

Zachariah SK, Fenn M, Jacob K, et al. Management of acute abdomen in pregnancy: current perspectives. International Journal of Women's Health. 2019;11:119-134. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S151501

Cappell MS. The fetal safety and clinical efficacy of gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America . 2003;32(1):123-179. doi:10.1016/s0889-8553(02)00060-2

Mayer IE, Hussain H. Abdominal pain during pregnancy. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 1998;27(1):1-36. doi:10.1016/s0889-8553(05)70295-3

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics. Practice Bulletin No. 174: Evaluation and Management of Adnexal Masses Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016;128(5):e210-e226. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001768 (Updated 2024)

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 191: Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(2):e65-e77. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002501

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. RCOG Green-top Guideline No. 31: The Investigation and Management of the Small-for-Gestational-Age Fetus. 2013 (Updated 2023).

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE Guideline: Antenatal Care [NG201]. 2021 (Updated 2025).

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 723: Guidelines for Diagnostic Imaging During Pregnancy and Lactation. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(4):e210-e216. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002355 (Updated 2024)

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 226: Preeclampsia and Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;136(4):e128-e144. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004077

Augustin G, Hadzic M, Milosevic S, et al. Acute abdomen in the pregnant patient. Current diagnostic and therapeutic options. Scandinavian Journal of Surgery 2020;109(3):177-184. doi:10.1177/1457496919863933

Longo SA, Moore RC, Canzoneri BJ, et al. Gastrointestinal conditions during pregnancy. Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery 2010;23(2):80-89. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1254294

Pearl JP, Price RR, Tonkin AE, et al. SAGES guidelines for the use of laparoscopy during pregnancy. Surgical Endoscopy and Other Interventional Techniques 2017;31(10):3767-3782. doi:10.1007/s00464-017-5637-3

Augustin G. Acute abdomen during pregnancy. Springer; 2018. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72995-4

Barloon TJ, Brown BP, Abu-Yousef MM, et al. Sonography of acute appendicitis in pregnancy. Abdominal Imaging 1995;20(2):149-151. doi:10.1007/BF00201531

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3 Haziran 2026

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