Evcil Kanatlılarda Solunum Sistemini Etkileyen Bakteriyel Hastalıklar: Etiyoloji-Epidemiyoloji-Koruma-Kontrol ve Tedavi
Özet
Kanatlılarda solunum yolu hastalıkları, sürü verimliliğini düşürerek üretim kayıplarına yol açmaktadır. Çiftçiler bunlarla mücadele etmek için önemli çabalar sarf etmektedir. Günümüzde bu hastalıklar, yetiştiriciler için küresel bir tehdit haline gelmiştir. Zoonotik hastalıklar ise ayrıca halk sağlığını da tehdit ederek iş gücü ve ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Bu bölümde, yaygın bakteriyel solunum yolu enfeksiyonlarıyla ilişkili olduğu düşünülen Mikoplazma enfeksiyonları, Hindi Korizası (Bordetelloz), Bulaşıcı Koriza, Psittakoz, Tavuk Kolerası, Escherichia coli enfeksiyonları, Ornitobakteriyoz, Staphylococcus aureus enfeksiyonu ve Yeni Ördek Hastalığı (Ördek Septisemisi-Anatipestifer Sendromu-Bulaşıcı Serozit) incelenmektedir. Bu hastalıkların etiyolojisi, epidemiyolojisi, önlenmesi, kontrolü ve tedavisi, siz değerli okurlarımız için güncel bilgilerle birlikte ele alınmıştır.
Poultry respiratory diseases reduce flock productivity, leading to production losses, and farmers are making significant efforts to combat them. Today, these diseases have become a global threat to breeders. Zoonotic diseases also threaten public health, causing labor and economic losses. This section examines Mycoplasma infections, Turkey Coryza (Bordetellosis), Infectious Coryza, Psittacosis, Chicken Cholera, Escherichia coli infections, Ornithobacteriosis, Staphylococcus aureus infection, and New Duck Disease (Duck Septicemia-Anatipestifer Syndrome-Infectious Serositis), which are considered related to common bacterial respiratory tract infections. The etiology, epidemiology, prevention, control, and treatment of these diseases are discussed, with up-to-date information presented for our valued readers.
Referanslar
Furian TQ, Borges KA, Moraes HLS, et al. Respiratory diseases in poultry: A constant challenge. Approaches in Poultry, Dairy & Veterinary Sciences, 2018; 4(1): 1-3.
Yehia N, Salem HM, Mahmmod Y, et al. Common viral and bacterial avian respiratory infections: an updated review. Poultry science 2023; 102553. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102553
Chaidez‐Ibarra MA, Velazquez D, Enriquez‐Verdugo I, et al. Pooled molecular occurrence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Transboundary and emerging diseases 2022; 69(5): 2499-2511. doi: 10.1111/tbed.14302
Marouf S, Khalf MA, Alorabi M, et al. Mycoplasma gallisepticum: a devastating organism for the poultry industry in Egypt. Poultry Science 2022; 101(3): 101658. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101658
Ghadimipour R, Gharibi D, Mayahi M. Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae among commercial poultry in Khouzestan province, Iran. Archives of Razi Institute 2018;73(2): 139-146. doi: 10.22092/ari.2018.116164
Umar S, Munir MT, Ur-Rehman, et al. Mycoplasmosis in poultry: update on diagnosis and preventive measures. World's Poultry Science Journal 2017; 73(1): 17-28. doi: 10.1017/S0043933916000830
Al-Baqir A, Hassanin O, Al-Rasheed M, et al. Mycoplasmosis in Poultry: An Evaluation of Diagnostic Schemes and Molecular Analysis of Egyptian Mycoplasma gallisepticum Strains. Pathogens 2023; 12(9): 1131. doi: 10.3390/pathogens12091131
Gautier-Bouchardon AV. Antimicrobial resistance in Mycoplasma spp. Microbiology spectrum 2018; 6(4): 6-4. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.arba-0030-2018
Saif YM. Diseases of poultry. Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE, (Eds). 12th ed. Iowa State University Press; 2009.p. 805-862
Shoaib M. Mycoplasmosis in poultry, a perpetual problem. The Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences 2019; 8(6): 1271. doi: 10.15414/jmbfs.2019.8.6.1271-1275
Elyazeed HA, Al-Atfeehy NM, Abotaleb R, et al. Preparation of ELISA and lateral flow kits for rapid diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in poultry. Scientific Reports 2020; 10(1): 9056. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65848-7
Beach NM, Thompson S, Mutnick R, et al. Bordetella avium antibiotic resistance, novel enrichment culture, and antigenic characterization. Veterinary microbiology 2012; 160(1-2): 189-196. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.05.026
Saif YM. Diseases of poultry. Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE, (Eds). 12th ed. Iowa State University Press; 2009. p. 774-788. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102553
Stockwell SB, Kuzmiak-Ngiam H, Beach NM, et al. The autotransporter protein from Bordetella avium, Baa1, is involved in host cell attachment. Microbiological research 2011; 167(1): 55-60. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2011.04.003
Ehsan M, Hassanzadeh M, Barrin A, et al. A study on isolation and molecular identification of Bordetella avium from Iranian commercial and backyard broiler turkeys within 2016-2018. Archives of Razi Institute 2020; 75(2): 179. doi: 10.22092/ARI.2019.124680.1285
Szabó R, Wehmann E, Magyar T. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Bordetella avium and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale strains from wild and domesticated birds in Hungary. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 2015; 63(4): 413-424. doi: 10.1556/004.2015.039
Liang M, Zhao Q, Liu G, et al. Pathogenicity of Bordetella avium under immunosuppression induced by Reticuloendotheliosis virus in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Microbial pathogenesis 2013; 54, 40-45. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.09.003
Küng E, Frey J. Avx A, a composite serine-protease-RTX toxin of Avibacterium paragallinarum. Veterinary microbiology 2013; 163(3-4): 290-298. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.029
Saif YM. Diseases of poultry. Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE, (Eds). 12th ed. Iowa State University Press; 2009.p. 789-803
Harkinezhad T, Geens T, Vanrompay D. Chlamydophila psittaci infections in birds: a review with emphasis on zoonotic consequences. Veterinary microbiology 2009; 135(1-2): 68-77. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.046
Beeckman DSA, Vanrompay DCG. Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective. Clinical microbiology and infection 2009; 15(1): 11-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.x
Pal M. Chlamydophila Psittaci as an emerging zoonotic pathogen of global significance. International Journal of Vaccines and vaccination 2017; 4(3): 00080. doi: 10.15406/ijvv.2017.04.00080
Wang J, Wang J, Geng Y, et al. A recombinase polymerase amplification-based assay for rapid detection of African swine fever virus. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 2017; 81(4): 308-312. doi: 10.3138/cjvr-2017-0139
Karthikeyan R, Subbaiyan A, Kumaragurubaran K, et al. A comprehensive review on avian chlamydiosis: a neglected zoonotic disease. Tropical Animal Health and Production 2021; 53(4). doi: 10.1007/s11250-021-02859-0
West A. A brief review of Chlamydophila psittaci in birds and humans. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 2011; 20(1): 18-20. doi: 10.1053/j.jepm.2010.11.006
Haq F, Abdullah ASM. Physiochemic, biochemic and immunogenic properties of Pasteurella multocida isolates from rat of poultry farm. Journal of animal and veterinary sciences 2015; 2(6): 65-69.
Dziva F, Muhairwa AP, Bisgaard M, et al. Diagnostic and typing options for investigating diseases associated with Pasteurella multocida. Veterinary microbiology 2008; 128(1-2): 1-22. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.10.018
Xiao J, Li Y, Hu Z, et al. Characterization of Pasteurella multocida isolated from ducks in China from 2017 to 2019. Microbial pathogenesis 2021; 160, 105196. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105196
Hurtado R, Maturrano L, Azevedo V, et al. Pathogenomics insights for understanding Pasteurella multocida adaptation. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 2020; 310(4): 151417. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2020.151417
Manoharan A, Chacko B, Anitha P. et al. A report of Pasteurella multocida Type A infection in an organized poultry farm in Kerala. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2020; 8(6): 1623-1627.
Kubatzky KF. Pasteurella multocida toxin–lessons learned from a mitogenic toxin. Frontiers in Immunology 2022; 13, 1058905. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1058905
Saif YM. Diseases of poultry. Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE, (Eds). 12th ed. Iowa State University Press; 2009.p. 739-758.
Swelum AA, Elbestawy AR, El-Saadony MT, et al. Ways to minimize bacterial infections, with special reference to Escherichia coli, to cope with the first-week mortality in chicks: an updated overview. Poultry science 2021; 100(5): 101039. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101039
Mol N, Peng L, Esnault E, et al. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli infection of a chicken lung epithelial cell line. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2019; 210, 55-59. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.03.007
Coura FM, Diniz SA, Silva MX, et al. Phylogenetic group of Escherichia coli isolates from broilers in Brazilian poultry slaughterhouse. The Scientific World Journal; 2017. doi: 10.1155/2017/5898701
Kunert Filho HC, Brito KCT, Cavalli LS, et al. Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC)-an update on the control. The battle against microbial pathogens: basic science, technological advances and educational programs, A Méndez-Vilas Ed 2015; 1, 598-618.
Saif YM. Diseases of poultry. Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE, (Eds). 12th ed. Iowa State University Press; 2009.p. 691-732
Erganis O, Hadimli HH, Kav K, et al. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of strains of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale isolated from poultry in Turkey. African Journal of Microbiology Research 2013; 7(2): 82-88. doi: 10.5897/AJMR12.1294
Bordoloi S, Nayak A, Jogi J, et al. Ornithobacterium rhinotrachalae: An emerging poultry pathogen. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2020; 8, 92-97.
S Abd El Hafez M, Khames M, Ahmed S, et al. Isolatıon and Identifıcation of Ornithobacteriosis from Broiler Chickens in New Valley and Assiut Governorates. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal 2021; 67(169): 136-151. doi: 10.21608/avmj.2021.188832
Rasheed BY, Taha DK, Ahmed IM. Detection of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale antibodies in broiler by ELISA in Mosul city. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences 2023. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2023.133761.2291
Abd El-Ghany WA. An updated comprehensive review on ornithobacteriosis: A worldwide emerging avian respiratory disease. Open Veterinary Journal 2021; 11(4): 555-568. doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2021.v11.i4.5
Xue J, Lv C, He P, et al. Research Note: Serological investigation of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection in China. Poultry science 2020; 99(10): 4814-4817. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.045
Barbosa EV, Cardoso CV, Silva RDCF, et al. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: An update review about an emerging poultry pathogen. Veterinary sciences 2019; 7(1): 3. doi: 10.3390/vetsci7010003
Saif YM. Diseases of poultry. Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE, (Eds). 12th ed. Iowa State University Press; 2009. p. 765-774
Farghaly E, Shalaby A, Badr H. Identification and Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus Aureus From Newly Hatched Imported Poultry. Suez Canal Veterinary Medical Journal. 2015; 20(2): 317-330. doi: 10.21608/scvmj.2015.64643
Ashraf MR, Asif M, Firyal S, et al. Molecular Characterization and Association of Local Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus on The Basis of 16S rRNA in Poultry and Human in Pakistan. Life 2014; 12(3): 160-164.
El-Maghraby A, Shereanaziz S, AbeerMwafy A. Efficacy of Staphylococcus aureus vaccine in chicken. Journal of World's Poultry Research 2020; 10(2s): 203-213. doi: 10.36380/jwpr.2020.26
Saif YM. Diseases of poultry. Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE, (Eds). 12th ed. Iowa State University Press; 2009.p. 892-900
Nazia MK, Durrani NU, Kamboh AA, et al. Prevalence of septic arthritis caused by Staphylococcus aureus in poultry birds at Tandojam. Journal of Animal Health and Production 2015; 3(3): 73-77. doi: 10.14737/journal.jahp/2015/3.3.73.77
Gong Y, Yang Y, Chen Y, et al. Characterization of the hemolytic activity of Riemerella anatipestifer. Microbiology 2020; 166(5): 436. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.000896
Saif YM. Diseases of poultry. Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE, (Eds). 12th ed. Iowa State University Press; 2009.p. 758- 764
Gao Q, Tang T, Cheng AC, et al. Development of an indirect ELISA using recombinant ompH protein for serological detection of Riemerella anatipestifer infection in ducks. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine 2016; 9, 1330-1337. doi: 10.3967/ijcem.2016.0093
Referanslar
Furian TQ, Borges KA, Moraes HLS, et al. Respiratory diseases in poultry: A constant challenge. Approaches in Poultry, Dairy & Veterinary Sciences, 2018; 4(1): 1-3.
Yehia N, Salem HM, Mahmmod Y, et al. Common viral and bacterial avian respiratory infections: an updated review. Poultry science 2023; 102553. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102553
Chaidez‐Ibarra MA, Velazquez D, Enriquez‐Verdugo I, et al. Pooled molecular occurrence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Transboundary and emerging diseases 2022; 69(5): 2499-2511. doi: 10.1111/tbed.14302
Marouf S, Khalf MA, Alorabi M, et al. Mycoplasma gallisepticum: a devastating organism for the poultry industry in Egypt. Poultry Science 2022; 101(3): 101658. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101658
Ghadimipour R, Gharibi D, Mayahi M. Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae among commercial poultry in Khouzestan province, Iran. Archives of Razi Institute 2018;73(2): 139-146. doi: 10.22092/ari.2018.116164
Umar S, Munir MT, Ur-Rehman, et al. Mycoplasmosis in poultry: update on diagnosis and preventive measures. World's Poultry Science Journal 2017; 73(1): 17-28. doi: 10.1017/S0043933916000830
Al-Baqir A, Hassanin O, Al-Rasheed M, et al. Mycoplasmosis in Poultry: An Evaluation of Diagnostic Schemes and Molecular Analysis of Egyptian Mycoplasma gallisepticum Strains. Pathogens 2023; 12(9): 1131. doi: 10.3390/pathogens12091131
Gautier-Bouchardon AV. Antimicrobial resistance in Mycoplasma spp. Microbiology spectrum 2018; 6(4): 6-4. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.arba-0030-2018
Saif YM. Diseases of poultry. Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE, (Eds). 12th ed. Iowa State University Press; 2009.p. 805-862
Shoaib M. Mycoplasmosis in poultry, a perpetual problem. The Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences 2019; 8(6): 1271. doi: 10.15414/jmbfs.2019.8.6.1271-1275
Elyazeed HA, Al-Atfeehy NM, Abotaleb R, et al. Preparation of ELISA and lateral flow kits for rapid diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in poultry. Scientific Reports 2020; 10(1): 9056. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65848-7
Beach NM, Thompson S, Mutnick R, et al. Bordetella avium antibiotic resistance, novel enrichment culture, and antigenic characterization. Veterinary microbiology 2012; 160(1-2): 189-196. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.05.026
Saif YM. Diseases of poultry. Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE, (Eds). 12th ed. Iowa State University Press; 2009. p. 774-788. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102553
Stockwell SB, Kuzmiak-Ngiam H, Beach NM, et al. The autotransporter protein from Bordetella avium, Baa1, is involved in host cell attachment. Microbiological research 2011; 167(1): 55-60. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2011.04.003
Ehsan M, Hassanzadeh M, Barrin A, et al. A study on isolation and molecular identification of Bordetella avium from Iranian commercial and backyard broiler turkeys within 2016-2018. Archives of Razi Institute 2020; 75(2): 179. doi: 10.22092/ARI.2019.124680.1285
Szabó R, Wehmann E, Magyar T. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Bordetella avium and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale strains from wild and domesticated birds in Hungary. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 2015; 63(4): 413-424. doi: 10.1556/004.2015.039
Liang M, Zhao Q, Liu G, et al. Pathogenicity of Bordetella avium under immunosuppression induced by Reticuloendotheliosis virus in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Microbial pathogenesis 2013; 54, 40-45. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.09.003
Küng E, Frey J. Avx A, a composite serine-protease-RTX toxin of Avibacterium paragallinarum. Veterinary microbiology 2013; 163(3-4): 290-298. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.029
Saif YM. Diseases of poultry. Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE, (Eds). 12th ed. Iowa State University Press; 2009.p. 789-803
Harkinezhad T, Geens T, Vanrompay D. Chlamydophila psittaci infections in birds: a review with emphasis on zoonotic consequences. Veterinary microbiology 2009; 135(1-2): 68-77. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.046
Beeckman DSA, Vanrompay DCG. Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective. Clinical microbiology and infection 2009; 15(1): 11-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.x
Pal M. Chlamydophila Psittaci as an emerging zoonotic pathogen of global significance. International Journal of Vaccines and vaccination 2017; 4(3): 00080. doi: 10.15406/ijvv.2017.04.00080
Wang J, Wang J, Geng Y, et al. A recombinase polymerase amplification-based assay for rapid detection of African swine fever virus. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 2017; 81(4): 308-312. doi: 10.3138/cjvr-2017-0139
Karthikeyan R, Subbaiyan A, Kumaragurubaran K, et al. A comprehensive review on avian chlamydiosis: a neglected zoonotic disease. Tropical Animal Health and Production 2021; 53(4). doi: 10.1007/s11250-021-02859-0
West A. A brief review of Chlamydophila psittaci in birds and humans. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 2011; 20(1): 18-20. doi: 10.1053/j.jepm.2010.11.006
Haq F, Abdullah ASM. Physiochemic, biochemic and immunogenic properties of Pasteurella multocida isolates from rat of poultry farm. Journal of animal and veterinary sciences 2015; 2(6): 65-69.
Dziva F, Muhairwa AP, Bisgaard M, et al. Diagnostic and typing options for investigating diseases associated with Pasteurella multocida. Veterinary microbiology 2008; 128(1-2): 1-22. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.10.018
Xiao J, Li Y, Hu Z, et al. Characterization of Pasteurella multocida isolated from ducks in China from 2017 to 2019. Microbial pathogenesis 2021; 160, 105196. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105196
Hurtado R, Maturrano L, Azevedo V, et al. Pathogenomics insights for understanding Pasteurella multocida adaptation. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 2020; 310(4): 151417. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2020.151417
Manoharan A, Chacko B, Anitha P. et al. A report of Pasteurella multocida Type A infection in an organized poultry farm in Kerala. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2020; 8(6): 1623-1627.
Kubatzky KF. Pasteurella multocida toxin–lessons learned from a mitogenic toxin. Frontiers in Immunology 2022; 13, 1058905. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1058905
Saif YM. Diseases of poultry. Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE, (Eds). 12th ed. Iowa State University Press; 2009.p. 739-758.
Swelum AA, Elbestawy AR, El-Saadony MT, et al. Ways to minimize bacterial infections, with special reference to Escherichia coli, to cope with the first-week mortality in chicks: an updated overview. Poultry science 2021; 100(5): 101039. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101039
Mol N, Peng L, Esnault E, et al. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli infection of a chicken lung epithelial cell line. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2019; 210, 55-59. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.03.007
Coura FM, Diniz SA, Silva MX, et al. Phylogenetic group of Escherichia coli isolates from broilers in Brazilian poultry slaughterhouse. The Scientific World Journal; 2017. doi: 10.1155/2017/5898701
Kunert Filho HC, Brito KCT, Cavalli LS, et al. Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC)-an update on the control. The battle against microbial pathogens: basic science, technological advances and educational programs, A Méndez-Vilas Ed 2015; 1, 598-618.
Saif YM. Diseases of poultry. Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE, (Eds). 12th ed. Iowa State University Press; 2009.p. 691-732
Erganis O, Hadimli HH, Kav K, et al. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of strains of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale isolated from poultry in Turkey. African Journal of Microbiology Research 2013; 7(2): 82-88. doi: 10.5897/AJMR12.1294
Bordoloi S, Nayak A, Jogi J, et al. Ornithobacterium rhinotrachalae: An emerging poultry pathogen. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2020; 8, 92-97.
S Abd El Hafez M, Khames M, Ahmed S, et al. Isolatıon and Identifıcation of Ornithobacteriosis from Broiler Chickens in New Valley and Assiut Governorates. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal 2021; 67(169): 136-151. doi: 10.21608/avmj.2021.188832
Rasheed BY, Taha DK, Ahmed IM. Detection of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale antibodies in broiler by ELISA in Mosul city. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences 2023. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2023.133761.2291
Abd El-Ghany WA. An updated comprehensive review on ornithobacteriosis: A worldwide emerging avian respiratory disease. Open Veterinary Journal 2021; 11(4): 555-568. doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2021.v11.i4.5
Xue J, Lv C, He P, et al. Research Note: Serological investigation of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection in China. Poultry science 2020; 99(10): 4814-4817. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.045
Barbosa EV, Cardoso CV, Silva RDCF, et al. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: An update review about an emerging poultry pathogen. Veterinary sciences 2019; 7(1): 3. doi: 10.3390/vetsci7010003
Saif YM. Diseases of poultry. Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE, (Eds). 12th ed. Iowa State University Press; 2009. p. 765-774
Farghaly E, Shalaby A, Badr H. Identification and Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus Aureus From Newly Hatched Imported Poultry. Suez Canal Veterinary Medical Journal. 2015; 20(2): 317-330. doi: 10.21608/scvmj.2015.64643
Ashraf MR, Asif M, Firyal S, et al. Molecular Characterization and Association of Local Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus on The Basis of 16S rRNA in Poultry and Human in Pakistan. Life 2014; 12(3): 160-164.
El-Maghraby A, Shereanaziz S, AbeerMwafy A. Efficacy of Staphylococcus aureus vaccine in chicken. Journal of World's Poultry Research 2020; 10(2s): 203-213. doi: 10.36380/jwpr.2020.26
Saif YM. Diseases of poultry. Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE, (Eds). 12th ed. Iowa State University Press; 2009.p. 892-900
Nazia MK, Durrani NU, Kamboh AA, et al. Prevalence of septic arthritis caused by Staphylococcus aureus in poultry birds at Tandojam. Journal of Animal Health and Production 2015; 3(3): 73-77. doi: 10.14737/journal.jahp/2015/3.3.73.77
Gong Y, Yang Y, Chen Y, et al. Characterization of the hemolytic activity of Riemerella anatipestifer. Microbiology 2020; 166(5): 436. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.000896
Saif YM. Diseases of poultry. Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE, (Eds). 12th ed. Iowa State University Press; 2009.p. 758- 764
Gao Q, Tang T, Cheng AC, et al. Development of an indirect ELISA using recombinant ompH protein for serological detection of Riemerella anatipestifer infection in ducks. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine 2016; 9, 1330-1337. doi: 10.3967/ijcem.2016.0093
