Şehir ve Bölge Planlamada Plan Kademelenmesi ve Plan Türleri
Özet
Planlama, belirli bir amaca ulaşmak için adımların organize edilmesi sürecidir ve genellikle gelecekteki değişiklikleri tahmin etmeyi amaçlar. Şehir ve bölge planlama alanında planlama, kamu yararını merkeze alarak yerleşim alanlarının gelişimi, kullanımı ile ilgilenen teknik ve politik bir süreç olmanın yanı sıra bir alanın fiziksel, sosyal ve ekonomik yapısını düzenlemeyi amaçlayan mekânsal planlamadır. Ekonomik ve sosyal gelişmeyi yönlendiren ülke kalkınma planlarından (soyut planlar) bölge planlarına (soyut-somut arası planlar), bölge planlarından kent planlarına (somut planlar) kadar tümü bir bütünün parçalarını temsil etmektedir. Bir başka ifade ile ideal bir mekânsal planlama süreci her biri, kendisinden bir üst ölçekteki kararlara ve sınırlamalara uymak zorunda olan farklı plan kademelerinin birlikteliğini gerektirir. Bu bölümde ilk olarak planlama eylemi ve değişen planlama yaklaşımları aktarılmaktadır. İkinci olarak plan türleri, kademelenmesi ve bunların birlikteliği aktarılmaktadır. Üçüncü olarak mekânsal planlama, ilkeleri ve sınırlayıcıları aktarılmaktadır. Son olarak bazı ülkelerin ve Türkiye’nin planlama sistemleri aktarılmaktadır.
Planning is the process of organizing steps to achieve a specific goal and typically aims to anticipate future changes. In the field of urban and regional planning, planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and use of settlement areas, centering on the public interest, and it is also spatial planning that aims to regulate the physical, social, and economic structure of an area. From national development plans (abstract plans) guiding economic and social development to regional plans (abstract-concrete plans) and from regional plans to city plans (concrete plans), all represent parts of a whole. In other words, an ideal spatial planning process requires the unity of different planning tiers, each of which must comply with decisions and constraints at the next higher level.In this chapter, firstly, the act of planning and changing planning approaches are presented. Secondly, plan types, hierarchy and the unity of these different types of plan hierarchy are explained. Thirdly, spatial planning, its principles and limitations are explained. Finally, the planning systems of some countries and Turkey are presented.
Referanslar
Abercrombie, P. (1959). Town and Country Planning. London. Oxford University Press.
Acheampong, R. (2019). The concept of spatial planning and the planning system. Spatial planning in Ghana: origins, contemporary reforms and practices, and new perspectives, 11-27. Springer.
Adams, T. (1998). Outline of Town and City Planning, (1st ed. 1935). New York,USA. Routledge.
Akdemir, B. (2021). İmar Planlarında Hiyerarşi. Konya Barosu Dergisi, 1(1), 133-173.
Albrechts, L. (2006). Shifts in strategic spatial planning? Some evidence from Europe and Australia. Environment and Planning A, p. 1149-1170.
Allmendinger, P. and Haughton, G. (2012). Post-political spatial planning in England: a crisis of consensus? Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 37, 89–103.
Arkon, C. (1989). Şehir planlama terimleri sözlüğü. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi.
Aslan, Ö. (2010). Türkiye'de mekansal planlama kademelenmesinde ölçek sorunu: Sivas örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
Aydemir, Ş. (2022). Kent ve Bölge Planlama Teknikleri Sayısal ve Sayısal Olmayan Teknikler. Beykoz Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
Braybrooke, D. and Lindbloom, C. E. (1963). A Strategy of Decision: Policy Evaluation as a Social Process. New York. Free Press.
Brooks, M. (2019).Planning theory for practitioners. Routledge.
Campbell, S., & Fainstein, (1996). Readings in planning theory. John Wiley & Sons.
Chadwick, G. F. (1977). The limits of the plannable: stability and complexity in planning and planned systems. Environment and Planning A, 9(10), 1189-1192.
Damsgaard, O. (2014). The Danish planning system 1990–2010: Continuity and decay. In Spatial planning systems and practices in Europe (pp. 21-41). Routledge.
Davidoff, P. (1965). Advocacy and pluralism in planning. Journal of the American Institute of planners, 31(4), 331-338.
Dede, O. M., & Şekeroğlu, A. (2020). Türkiye’de kent planlamada mekânsal standartlar üzerine bir değerlendirme. Humanities Sciences, 15(3), 96-110.
Eraydın, A. (2017). Planlamada yeni eğilimler. Özdemir, SS, Sarı, Özdemir, BÖ, and Uzun, N (eds). Kent Planlama, 561-581.
Ersoy, M. (2007). Kentsel Planlama Kuramları, p. 9-15
Ersoy, M. (2016). Planlamada Kademeli Birliktelik İlkesi Türkiye’de Plan Kademeleri, Kentsel Planlama içinde, Ninova Yayınları, İstanbul, 360-363.
Fainstein, S.S. and Campbell, S. (Ed). (1996). Readings in PlanningTheory. Oxford; UK, Cambridge; USA. Blackwell.
Fainstein, S. S., & DeFilippis, J. (Eds.). (2015). Readings in planning theory. John Wiley & Sons.
Faludi, A. (1973). Planning Theory. Oxford, UK, p.2-25.
Friedmann, J. (1987). Planning in the public domain: From knowledge to action. Princeton University Press.
Gedikli, B., 2007, “Stratejik Mekansal Planlama: Planlamada Yeni Anlayışlar, Yöntemler ve Teknikler”, Ersoy, M.,(derleyen), Kentsel Planlama Kuramları, İmge Kitabevi, Ankara. P.237-290.
Getimis, P., & Reimer, M., Blotevogel H.H. G. (2014). The evolution of spatial planning in Greece after the 1990s: Drivers, directions and agents of change. In Spatial planning systems and practices in Europe (pp. 278-303). Routledge.
Grant, J. (2003). Exploring the influence of new urbanism in community planning practice. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 234-253.
Hall, P. (2002). Urban and Regional Planning (1st ed. 1975). Routledge, USA.
Healey, P. (2003). Collaborative planning in perspective. Planning theory, 2(2), 101-123.
Hirvonen-Kantola, S., & Mäntysalo, R. (2014). The recent development of the Finnish Planning system: The city of Vantaa as an executor, fighter and independent actor. In Spatial Planning Systems and Practices in Europe (pp. 42-60). Routledge.
Kalabalık H. 2003. İmar Hukuku (Planlama, Arsa, Yapı, Koruma). Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
Keleş, 2016, Şehirciliğin Kuramsal Temelleri. Ankara:İdealkent Yayınları.
Kelly, E. D. (2010).Community planning: An introduction to the comprehensive plan. Island Press. Second edition.
Kleeble, L. (1997). Principles and Practice of Town and Country Planning. Blowers and Evans (Ed.). The Estales Gazette, London.
Köroğlu. T. N.(2016). Bölge Planlama. Ersoy. M. (Edt.) Kentsel Planlama (ss. 31-34). Ninova Yayınları.
Levy, J.M. (1998). Contemporary Urban Planning. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Lingua, V., & Servillo, L. (2014). The Modernization of the Italian Planning System 1. In Spatial Planning Systems and Practices in Europe (pp. 127-148). Routledge.
Nadin, V., & Fernández-Maldonado, A. M. (2023). Spatial planning systems in Europe: multiple trajectories.Planning Practice & Research, 38(5), 625-638.
Nadin, V., & Stead, D. (2008) European spatial planning systems, social models and learning, DisP- the Planning Review, 44(172), pp. 35–47. doi:10.1080/02513625.2008.10557001
Reimer, M., Getimis, P., & Blotevogel, H. H. (2014). Spatial planning systems and practices in Europe: A comparative perspective. In Spatial planning systems and practices in Europe (pp. 1-20). Routledge.
Stead, D., & Nadin, V. (2008). Spatial planning. Key instrument for development and effective governance with special reference to countries in transition. United Nations.
Şengül, H.T. (2002). “Planlama Paradigmalarının Dönüşümü Üzerine Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirme”, Planlama, p. 8-31
Tekeli, İ. (2009). Akılcı planlamadan bir demokrasi projesi olarak planlamaya, İlhan Tekeli Toplu Eserler,7, Ankara: Tarih Vakfı Yayınları.
Thomas, K., & Littlewood, S. (2010). A European programme for skills to deliver sustainable communities: Recent steps towards developing a discourse. European Planning Studies,18(3), 467-484.
Ward, S. (2004). Planning and Urban Change. London. Gage Publication.
Waterhout, B., Othengrafen, F. and Sykes, O. (2012). Neo-liberalization processes in spatial planning in France,Germany, and the Netherlands: an exploration. Planning Practice and Research, 28(1), 141–159
Yıldız R.(2016). Kavramsal bir sistem olarak planlama. M. (Edt.) Kentsel Planlama (ss. 182-183). Ninova Yayınları.
Referanslar
Abercrombie, P. (1959). Town and Country Planning. London. Oxford University Press.
Acheampong, R. (2019). The concept of spatial planning and the planning system. Spatial planning in Ghana: origins, contemporary reforms and practices, and new perspectives, 11-27. Springer.
Adams, T. (1998). Outline of Town and City Planning, (1st ed. 1935). New York,USA. Routledge.
Akdemir, B. (2021). İmar Planlarında Hiyerarşi. Konya Barosu Dergisi, 1(1), 133-173.
Albrechts, L. (2006). Shifts in strategic spatial planning? Some evidence from Europe and Australia. Environment and Planning A, p. 1149-1170.
Allmendinger, P. and Haughton, G. (2012). Post-political spatial planning in England: a crisis of consensus? Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 37, 89–103.
Arkon, C. (1989). Şehir planlama terimleri sözlüğü. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi.
Aslan, Ö. (2010). Türkiye'de mekansal planlama kademelenmesinde ölçek sorunu: Sivas örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
Aydemir, Ş. (2022). Kent ve Bölge Planlama Teknikleri Sayısal ve Sayısal Olmayan Teknikler. Beykoz Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
Braybrooke, D. and Lindbloom, C. E. (1963). A Strategy of Decision: Policy Evaluation as a Social Process. New York. Free Press.
Brooks, M. (2019).Planning theory for practitioners. Routledge.
Campbell, S., & Fainstein, (1996). Readings in planning theory. John Wiley & Sons.
Chadwick, G. F. (1977). The limits of the plannable: stability and complexity in planning and planned systems. Environment and Planning A, 9(10), 1189-1192.
Damsgaard, O. (2014). The Danish planning system 1990–2010: Continuity and decay. In Spatial planning systems and practices in Europe (pp. 21-41). Routledge.
Davidoff, P. (1965). Advocacy and pluralism in planning. Journal of the American Institute of planners, 31(4), 331-338.
Dede, O. M., & Şekeroğlu, A. (2020). Türkiye’de kent planlamada mekânsal standartlar üzerine bir değerlendirme. Humanities Sciences, 15(3), 96-110.
Eraydın, A. (2017). Planlamada yeni eğilimler. Özdemir, SS, Sarı, Özdemir, BÖ, and Uzun, N (eds). Kent Planlama, 561-581.
Ersoy, M. (2007). Kentsel Planlama Kuramları, p. 9-15
Ersoy, M. (2016). Planlamada Kademeli Birliktelik İlkesi Türkiye’de Plan Kademeleri, Kentsel Planlama içinde, Ninova Yayınları, İstanbul, 360-363.
Fainstein, S.S. and Campbell, S. (Ed). (1996). Readings in PlanningTheory. Oxford; UK, Cambridge; USA. Blackwell.
Fainstein, S. S., & DeFilippis, J. (Eds.). (2015). Readings in planning theory. John Wiley & Sons.
Faludi, A. (1973). Planning Theory. Oxford, UK, p.2-25.
Friedmann, J. (1987). Planning in the public domain: From knowledge to action. Princeton University Press.
Gedikli, B., 2007, “Stratejik Mekansal Planlama: Planlamada Yeni Anlayışlar, Yöntemler ve Teknikler”, Ersoy, M.,(derleyen), Kentsel Planlama Kuramları, İmge Kitabevi, Ankara. P.237-290.
Getimis, P., & Reimer, M., Blotevogel H.H. G. (2014). The evolution of spatial planning in Greece after the 1990s: Drivers, directions and agents of change. In Spatial planning systems and practices in Europe (pp. 278-303). Routledge.
Grant, J. (2003). Exploring the influence of new urbanism in community planning practice. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 234-253.
Hall, P. (2002). Urban and Regional Planning (1st ed. 1975). Routledge, USA.
Healey, P. (2003). Collaborative planning in perspective. Planning theory, 2(2), 101-123.
Hirvonen-Kantola, S., & Mäntysalo, R. (2014). The recent development of the Finnish Planning system: The city of Vantaa as an executor, fighter and independent actor. In Spatial Planning Systems and Practices in Europe (pp. 42-60). Routledge.
Kalabalık H. 2003. İmar Hukuku (Planlama, Arsa, Yapı, Koruma). Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
Keleş, 2016, Şehirciliğin Kuramsal Temelleri. Ankara:İdealkent Yayınları.
Kelly, E. D. (2010).Community planning: An introduction to the comprehensive plan. Island Press. Second edition.
Kleeble, L. (1997). Principles and Practice of Town and Country Planning. Blowers and Evans (Ed.). The Estales Gazette, London.
Köroğlu. T. N.(2016). Bölge Planlama. Ersoy. M. (Edt.) Kentsel Planlama (ss. 31-34). Ninova Yayınları.
Levy, J.M. (1998). Contemporary Urban Planning. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Lingua, V., & Servillo, L. (2014). The Modernization of the Italian Planning System 1. In Spatial Planning Systems and Practices in Europe (pp. 127-148). Routledge.
Nadin, V., & Fernández-Maldonado, A. M. (2023). Spatial planning systems in Europe: multiple trajectories.Planning Practice & Research, 38(5), 625-638.
Nadin, V., & Stead, D. (2008) European spatial planning systems, social models and learning, DisP- the Planning Review, 44(172), pp. 35–47. doi:10.1080/02513625.2008.10557001
Reimer, M., Getimis, P., & Blotevogel, H. H. (2014). Spatial planning systems and practices in Europe: A comparative perspective. In Spatial planning systems and practices in Europe (pp. 1-20). Routledge.
Stead, D., & Nadin, V. (2008). Spatial planning. Key instrument for development and effective governance with special reference to countries in transition. United Nations.
Şengül, H.T. (2002). “Planlama Paradigmalarının Dönüşümü Üzerine Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirme”, Planlama, p. 8-31
Tekeli, İ. (2009). Akılcı planlamadan bir demokrasi projesi olarak planlamaya, İlhan Tekeli Toplu Eserler,7, Ankara: Tarih Vakfı Yayınları.
Thomas, K., & Littlewood, S. (2010). A European programme for skills to deliver sustainable communities: Recent steps towards developing a discourse. European Planning Studies,18(3), 467-484.
Ward, S. (2004). Planning and Urban Change. London. Gage Publication.
Waterhout, B., Othengrafen, F. and Sykes, O. (2012). Neo-liberalization processes in spatial planning in France,Germany, and the Netherlands: an exploration. Planning Practice and Research, 28(1), 141–159
Yıldız R.(2016). Kavramsal bir sistem olarak planlama. M. (Edt.) Kentsel Planlama (ss. 182-183). Ninova Yayınları.
