Sürdürülebilir Kentler İçin Planlama Yaklaşımları ve Sürdürülebilirlik Göstergeleri
Özet
Sürdürülebilirlik kavramı, iklim değişikliğinin dünya üzerindeki etkilerinin giderek artması, doğal kaynakların tükenme riski ile karşı karşıya kalması ve artan nüfusun ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmasının giderek zorlaşması gibi konularla her geçen gün daha çok tartışılan ve çözüm arayışlarına gidilen önemli kavramların başında gelmektedir. Kent planlama konuları, içerikleri bakımından sürdürülebilirliğin tüm boyutları ile doğrudan ilişkilenmekte, planlama alanında alınan her karar, ekonomik, sosyal ya da çevresel sürdürülebilirliği doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak etkilemektedir. Bu sebeple sürdürülebilirlik konusu Şehir ve Bölge Planlama meslek disiplini açısından, tüm detayları ile dikkate alınması ve sorgulanması gereken bir konudur.
Hızlı nüfus artışları ve hızlı kentleşme, sosyo-ekonomik krizler, yönetişimdeki aksaklıklar sürdürülebilir kalkınma konularını her geçen gün daha fazla gündeme taşımakta, yaşanılan dönüşümler, doğal afetler ve bunların getirdiği sorunlar kentler açısından çığ gibi büyüyen problem alanlarına dönüşmektedir. Tüm planlama kararları bu bakış açısı ile ele alınmayı, kentlerin, toplumların ve çevrenin yaşadığı dönüşümler dirençli bir planlama ve kalkınma perspektifi geliştirmeyi gerektirmektedir.
The concept of sustainability is one of the most important concepts that are being discussed more and more every day and for which solutions are sought due to issues such as the increasing effects of climate change on the world, the risk of depletion of natural resources and the increasing difficulty of meeting the needs of the growing population. Urban planning issues are directly related to all dimensions of sustainability in terms of their content, and every decision taken in the field of planning directly or indirectly affects economic, social or environmental sustainability. For this reason, sustainability is an issue that needs to be considered and questioned in all its details in terms of the professional discipline of Urban and Regional Planning.
Rapid population increases and rapid urbanization, socio-economic crises, and deficiencies in governance bring sustainable development issues to the agenda more and more every day, and the urban transformations, natural disasters and the problems they bring about are turning into snowballing problem areas for cities. All planning decisions need to be handled from this perspective, and the transformations experienced by cities, societies and the environment require the development of a resilient planning and development perspective.
Referanslar
ASPEN. (2023). Taktiksel Şehircilik Nedir?. 15 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde https://www.aspen.com.tr/blog/taktiksel-sehircilik-nedir- adresinden erişildi.
Bilgili, Alper. (2020). Dirençli Kentler Bağlamında Kentlerin Sürdürülebilir Dijital Dönüşümü, Yeni Eko-Tek Dünya Teknolojinin Son Sürümü Kef E. Kovancı E. (Ed). (s185-205). Ankara: Ekin Yayınevi.
Bossel, H. (1999). Indicators for Sustainable Development: Theory, Method, Applications. A Report to the Balaton Group, International Institute For Sustainable Development.
Butler, R.; Hall, M. (1998). Tourism and Recreation in Rural Areas, England: John Wiley & Sons (s. 249 – 257).
Daş, M.E. (2023). Green Infrastructure: A Sustainable Solution for Urban Planning, https://www.peyzax.com/green-infrastructure-for-urban-planning/?lang=en. Erişim tarihi: 05.04.2024
Eke, F., Gürer, N., Gürel Üçer, A., (2007). "Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Bölgesel Düzeyde Ölçülebilmesine Yönelik Olarak Göstergelerin Tanımlanması", 12.Ulusal Bölge Bilimi/Bölge Planlama Kongresi- 'Bölge Biliminde Yeni Yaklaşımlar', 25-26 Ekim 2007, İstanbul
Eke, F., Sat, A. (2011) Kent Planlamasına Giriş, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Taşınmaz Geliştirme Anabilim Dalı Yayın No:4, Ankara
Ersoy, M. (2016). Planlama Kuramına Giriş, M. Ersoy (Ed). Kentsel Planlama Kuramları (3. Baskı, s. 9-34). İmge Kitabevi
Ersoy, M. (2017). Planlama Kuramları. Kent Planlama (s. 127-164). Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
ESMAP (2014) Planning Energy Efficient and Livable Cities https://www.esmap.org/sites/esmap.org/files/DocumentLibrary/ESMAP_CEETI_MayoralNote_6_PlanningEE%20Livable%20Cities_optimized.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Farsari, Y. ve Prastacos, P. (2002). Sustainable Development Indicators: An Overview. International Conference on Citizens, Sustainable Development, Environment, Foundation for Mediterranean Cooperation, Athens, Greece, April 2002.
Gattupalli, A. (2023). Participatory Planning: Shaping Cities through Community Engagement, ArchDaily https://www.archdaily.com/1009635/participatory-planning-shaping-cities-through-community-engagement. Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Gedikli, B. (2016a). Stratejik Mekânsal Planlama: Planlamada Yeni Anlayışlar, Yöntemler ve Teknikler. M. Ersoy (Ed). Kentsel Planlama Kuramları (3. Baskı, s. 237-290). İmge Kitabevi.
Gedikli, B. (2016b). Stratejik Mekânsal Planlama. M. Ersoy (Ed). Kentsel Planlama Ansiklopedik Sözlük (1. Baskı, s. 403-404). Ninova Yayıncılık.
George, J. S., Paul, S. K., and Dhawale, R. “Multilayer network structure and city size: A crosssectional analysis of global cities to detect the correlation between street and terrain,” Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci., vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1448–1463, 2022, doi: 10.1177/23998083211039853.
Gonzales, G., Sustainable Tourism: the new tourism paradigm http://gonzales.com.sg/sustour.html, (06.06.2002)
Green and Blue (2024). “Why Green and Blue?” https://greenblue.com/gb/about-us/why-green-and-blue/. Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Gürer, N. (2009) "Dağlık Alanların Kalkınmasında Turizmin Katkısı, Erzurum-Erzincan-Bayburt Bölgesi Örnek Alanı", Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Ankara
Hardi, P. ve Barg, S. (1997). Measuring Sustainable Development: Review of Current Practice. Occasional Paper N.17, Industry Canada, Ontario.
Khalil H.A.E.E. (2012). Enhancing quality of life through strategic urban planning, Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 5, 2012: 77-86
Hines, F., 2006. Measuring Sustainability Environmental and Sustainability Indicators A Question of Application, ESRC Centre for Business Relationships Accountability Sustainability and Society (BRASS) Cardiff University http://www.brass.cf.ac.uk/uploads/1Hines130306.pdf Erişim tarihi: 15.08.2007
Hollander, J., 2002. “Measuring Community: Using Sustainability Indicators”, Planners’ Casebook, Vol. 39, s.1-7.
IISD, 2000. Measurement and Indicatoors for Sustainable Development, International Institute for Sustainable Development, http://iisd.ca/measure/fags.htm Erişim tarihi: 17.04.2006.
Kızıltaş, F.Z. (2023) Kamusal Alanda Dönüşümü Tetiklemek: Taktiksel Şehircilik, Kent Yaşamı, https://www.tasarimrehberleri.com/kentyasami/kamusal-alanda-donusumu-tetiklemek-taktiksel-sehircilik Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Kumar, P., Mukul, H. Kaur, D., Kaur, A. (2022). Green Infrastructure- A Roadmap Towards Sustainable Development, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1110/1/012060
Lamond, J., Everett G. (2019). Sustainable Blue-Green Infrastructure: A social practice approach to understanding community preferences and stewardship, Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 191
Kumtepe, R. (2022). Kentsel Direncin Oluşumunda Kentsel Planlamanın Yeri. Mengi, A., Altunok, H. Özgül, C.G., Karalezli, G. (Eds.). 6. Ulusal Yerel Yönetimler Sempozyumu, Dirençli Kentler. Ankara Üniversite Yayınları NO: 770.
Lang, A, Taylor, A. (2018) Urban Green Infrastructure: An Introduction, https://weadapt.org/knowledge-base/cities-and-climate-change/urban-green-infrastructure-an-introduction/#:~:text=Green%20roofs%20and%20walls%20can,fossil%20fuel%20sources%20of%20electricity Erişim tarihi: 21.05.2024
Lydon, M. & Garcia, A. (2015). Tactical urbanism: Short-term action for long-term change. 10.5822/978-1-61091-567-0.
Lydon, M. (2012). Tactical Urbanism 2. New York
Maity, B., Mallick, S. K. and Rudra, S. “Spatiotemporal dynamics of urban landscape in Asansol municipal corporation, West Bengal, India: a geospatial analysis,” GeoJournal, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 1619–1637, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10708-020-10315-z.
Michigan Association of Planning (2020) “Blue Green Infrastructure”, https://www.miplace.org/4a72d0/globalassets/documents/rrc/rrc-library/map-tear-sheets/quick-sheet---bluegreeninfrastructure.pdf Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Mohankumar, V (2020). A Tactical Urbanism Guidebook, New Delhi.
Odermatt, S., (2003). Evaluation of Mountain Case Studies by Means of Sustainability Variables, Diploma Thesis, Institute of Agricultural Economics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, s. 31-32.
Our Place. (2024). Green and Blue Infrastructure, https://www.ourplace.scot/about-place/themes/climate-and-environment/environment/green-and-blue-infrastructure Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Özcan, Z. (2002). Cultural Heritage and Urban Sustainability: A Case Study From Central Anatolia, ”, The Sustainable City II, Urban Regeneration and Sustainability, Segovia - Spain, 377-386.
Öztürk, N.K, Demirel, Ö. (2021). Çok Paydaşlı İş Birliği Ve Dirençli Kent Açısından Montreal Şehri, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi. Cilt:10. Sayı:2.
Phillips, D., Jamwal,P., Lindquist, M. and Gronewold, A. (2022). Assessing catchment-scale performance of in-stream Provisional Green Infrastructure interventions for Dry Weather Flows. Landsc. Urban Plan., vol. 226, Doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104448.
Plan Radar. (2023). Digital transformation in urban planning: Enhancing efficiency through technology. https://www.planradar.com/ae-en/digital-transformation-urban-planning-enhancing-efficiency/ Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Resilient Cities Network. (2024). What is Urban Resilience? https://resilientcitiesnetwork.org/what-is-urban-resilience/ Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Sailus, M. (2024). 7 Types of Urban Planning Concepts Explained. Clear Point Strategy, https://www.clearpointstrategy.com/blog/ types-of-urban-planning Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Shah, T. (2004). Groundwater and Human Development: Challenges and Opportunities in Livelihoods and Environment, Stockholm World Water Week. Water Science and Technology, Stockholm
TCAT (Toronto Center for Active Transportation). (2015). Participatory urban planning https://participatoryplanning.ca/sites/default/files/upload/document/guides/anc_factsheet_participatory_urban_planning_0.pdf Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
TDK. (2024). https://sozluk.gov.tr/ Erişim tarihi: 18.04.2024.
Tekeli, İ. (2009). Kent Planlaması ve Katılım Üzerine Düşünceler, Planlama,90/3-4
The Street Plans Collaborative (2016) Tactical Urbanist's Guide to Materials and Design v.1.0, https://issuu.com/streetplanscollaborative/docs/tu-guide_to_materials_and_design_v1 Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Tuna, G. (2022). Taktiksel Şehircilik: Bu İsmin Arkasında Neler Var?. https://www.undp.org/tr/turkiye/blog/taktiksel-sehircilik-bu-ismin-arkasinda-neler-var Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
UN. (1996). Indicators of Sustainable Development: Framework and Methodologies, United Nations Department for Policy Co-ordination and Sustainable Development, New York.
UN. (2006). Global Trends and Status of Indicators of Sustainable Development, Background Paper No.2, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for Sustainable Development, Commission on Sustainable Development, 14. Session, 1-12 Mayıs 2006, New York.
UN. (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for Sustainable Development, Commission on Sustainable Development
UN Habitat. (2017). Inclusive and sustainable Urban planning: A guide for Municipalities
Urban Design Lab. (2023). What is Tactical Urbanism? https://urbandesignlab.in/what-is-tactical-urbanism/
Van Geenhuisen, M., Nijkamp, P. (1994). Sürdürülebilir kenti nasıl planlamalı?, Toplum ve Bilim, Sayı 64-65 Güz, s.129-140.
World Bank. (1997). Expanding the Measure of Wealth: Indicators of Environmentally Sustainable Development, Washington D.C.
WTO. (2004). Indicators of Sustainable Development for Tourism Destinations: A Guide Book, World Tourism Organisation.
Yıldırım, H. Y., Gültekin, A., Tanrivermis, H. (2017). “Evaluation of Cities in the Context of Energy Efficient Urban Planning Approach” Related content Urban Planning and Sustainable Development in The 21st Century, Conceptual and Management Issues. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 245 072051
Zaman A.U., Lehmann S. (2011). What is the ‘Zero Waste City’ Concept? Zero Waste SA Research Centre for Sustainable Design and Behaviour, University of South Australia.
ZIGURAT. (2023). Urban Resilience: Building Sustainable and Future-Proof Cities https://www.e-zigurat.com/en/blog/urban-resilience-sustainable-cities/
Referanslar
ASPEN. (2023). Taktiksel Şehircilik Nedir?. 15 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde https://www.aspen.com.tr/blog/taktiksel-sehircilik-nedir- adresinden erişildi.
Bilgili, Alper. (2020). Dirençli Kentler Bağlamında Kentlerin Sürdürülebilir Dijital Dönüşümü, Yeni Eko-Tek Dünya Teknolojinin Son Sürümü Kef E. Kovancı E. (Ed). (s185-205). Ankara: Ekin Yayınevi.
Bossel, H. (1999). Indicators for Sustainable Development: Theory, Method, Applications. A Report to the Balaton Group, International Institute For Sustainable Development.
Butler, R.; Hall, M. (1998). Tourism and Recreation in Rural Areas, England: John Wiley & Sons (s. 249 – 257).
Daş, M.E. (2023). Green Infrastructure: A Sustainable Solution for Urban Planning, https://www.peyzax.com/green-infrastructure-for-urban-planning/?lang=en. Erişim tarihi: 05.04.2024
Eke, F., Gürer, N., Gürel Üçer, A., (2007). "Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Bölgesel Düzeyde Ölçülebilmesine Yönelik Olarak Göstergelerin Tanımlanması", 12.Ulusal Bölge Bilimi/Bölge Planlama Kongresi- 'Bölge Biliminde Yeni Yaklaşımlar', 25-26 Ekim 2007, İstanbul
Eke, F., Sat, A. (2011) Kent Planlamasına Giriş, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Taşınmaz Geliştirme Anabilim Dalı Yayın No:4, Ankara
Ersoy, M. (2016). Planlama Kuramına Giriş, M. Ersoy (Ed). Kentsel Planlama Kuramları (3. Baskı, s. 9-34). İmge Kitabevi
Ersoy, M. (2017). Planlama Kuramları. Kent Planlama (s. 127-164). Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
ESMAP (2014) Planning Energy Efficient and Livable Cities https://www.esmap.org/sites/esmap.org/files/DocumentLibrary/ESMAP_CEETI_MayoralNote_6_PlanningEE%20Livable%20Cities_optimized.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Farsari, Y. ve Prastacos, P. (2002). Sustainable Development Indicators: An Overview. International Conference on Citizens, Sustainable Development, Environment, Foundation for Mediterranean Cooperation, Athens, Greece, April 2002.
Gattupalli, A. (2023). Participatory Planning: Shaping Cities through Community Engagement, ArchDaily https://www.archdaily.com/1009635/participatory-planning-shaping-cities-through-community-engagement. Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Gedikli, B. (2016a). Stratejik Mekânsal Planlama: Planlamada Yeni Anlayışlar, Yöntemler ve Teknikler. M. Ersoy (Ed). Kentsel Planlama Kuramları (3. Baskı, s. 237-290). İmge Kitabevi.
Gedikli, B. (2016b). Stratejik Mekânsal Planlama. M. Ersoy (Ed). Kentsel Planlama Ansiklopedik Sözlük (1. Baskı, s. 403-404). Ninova Yayıncılık.
George, J. S., Paul, S. K., and Dhawale, R. “Multilayer network structure and city size: A crosssectional analysis of global cities to detect the correlation between street and terrain,” Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci., vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1448–1463, 2022, doi: 10.1177/23998083211039853.
Gonzales, G., Sustainable Tourism: the new tourism paradigm http://gonzales.com.sg/sustour.html, (06.06.2002)
Green and Blue (2024). “Why Green and Blue?” https://greenblue.com/gb/about-us/why-green-and-blue/. Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Gürer, N. (2009) "Dağlık Alanların Kalkınmasında Turizmin Katkısı, Erzurum-Erzincan-Bayburt Bölgesi Örnek Alanı", Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Ankara
Hardi, P. ve Barg, S. (1997). Measuring Sustainable Development: Review of Current Practice. Occasional Paper N.17, Industry Canada, Ontario.
Khalil H.A.E.E. (2012). Enhancing quality of life through strategic urban planning, Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 5, 2012: 77-86
Hines, F., 2006. Measuring Sustainability Environmental and Sustainability Indicators A Question of Application, ESRC Centre for Business Relationships Accountability Sustainability and Society (BRASS) Cardiff University http://www.brass.cf.ac.uk/uploads/1Hines130306.pdf Erişim tarihi: 15.08.2007
Hollander, J., 2002. “Measuring Community: Using Sustainability Indicators”, Planners’ Casebook, Vol. 39, s.1-7.
IISD, 2000. Measurement and Indicatoors for Sustainable Development, International Institute for Sustainable Development, http://iisd.ca/measure/fags.htm Erişim tarihi: 17.04.2006.
Kızıltaş, F.Z. (2023) Kamusal Alanda Dönüşümü Tetiklemek: Taktiksel Şehircilik, Kent Yaşamı, https://www.tasarimrehberleri.com/kentyasami/kamusal-alanda-donusumu-tetiklemek-taktiksel-sehircilik Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Kumar, P., Mukul, H. Kaur, D., Kaur, A. (2022). Green Infrastructure- A Roadmap Towards Sustainable Development, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1110/1/012060
Lamond, J., Everett G. (2019). Sustainable Blue-Green Infrastructure: A social practice approach to understanding community preferences and stewardship, Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 191
Kumtepe, R. (2022). Kentsel Direncin Oluşumunda Kentsel Planlamanın Yeri. Mengi, A., Altunok, H. Özgül, C.G., Karalezli, G. (Eds.). 6. Ulusal Yerel Yönetimler Sempozyumu, Dirençli Kentler. Ankara Üniversite Yayınları NO: 770.
Lang, A, Taylor, A. (2018) Urban Green Infrastructure: An Introduction, https://weadapt.org/knowledge-base/cities-and-climate-change/urban-green-infrastructure-an-introduction/#:~:text=Green%20roofs%20and%20walls%20can,fossil%20fuel%20sources%20of%20electricity Erişim tarihi: 21.05.2024
Lydon, M. & Garcia, A. (2015). Tactical urbanism: Short-term action for long-term change. 10.5822/978-1-61091-567-0.
Lydon, M. (2012). Tactical Urbanism 2. New York
Maity, B., Mallick, S. K. and Rudra, S. “Spatiotemporal dynamics of urban landscape in Asansol municipal corporation, West Bengal, India: a geospatial analysis,” GeoJournal, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 1619–1637, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10708-020-10315-z.
Michigan Association of Planning (2020) “Blue Green Infrastructure”, https://www.miplace.org/4a72d0/globalassets/documents/rrc/rrc-library/map-tear-sheets/quick-sheet---bluegreeninfrastructure.pdf Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Mohankumar, V (2020). A Tactical Urbanism Guidebook, New Delhi.
Odermatt, S., (2003). Evaluation of Mountain Case Studies by Means of Sustainability Variables, Diploma Thesis, Institute of Agricultural Economics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, s. 31-32.
Our Place. (2024). Green and Blue Infrastructure, https://www.ourplace.scot/about-place/themes/climate-and-environment/environment/green-and-blue-infrastructure Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Özcan, Z. (2002). Cultural Heritage and Urban Sustainability: A Case Study From Central Anatolia, ”, The Sustainable City II, Urban Regeneration and Sustainability, Segovia - Spain, 377-386.
Öztürk, N.K, Demirel, Ö. (2021). Çok Paydaşlı İş Birliği Ve Dirençli Kent Açısından Montreal Şehri, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi. Cilt:10. Sayı:2.
Phillips, D., Jamwal,P., Lindquist, M. and Gronewold, A. (2022). Assessing catchment-scale performance of in-stream Provisional Green Infrastructure interventions for Dry Weather Flows. Landsc. Urban Plan., vol. 226, Doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104448.
Plan Radar. (2023). Digital transformation in urban planning: Enhancing efficiency through technology. https://www.planradar.com/ae-en/digital-transformation-urban-planning-enhancing-efficiency/ Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Resilient Cities Network. (2024). What is Urban Resilience? https://resilientcitiesnetwork.org/what-is-urban-resilience/ Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Sailus, M. (2024). 7 Types of Urban Planning Concepts Explained. Clear Point Strategy, https://www.clearpointstrategy.com/blog/ types-of-urban-planning Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Shah, T. (2004). Groundwater and Human Development: Challenges and Opportunities in Livelihoods and Environment, Stockholm World Water Week. Water Science and Technology, Stockholm
TCAT (Toronto Center for Active Transportation). (2015). Participatory urban planning https://participatoryplanning.ca/sites/default/files/upload/document/guides/anc_factsheet_participatory_urban_planning_0.pdf Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
TDK. (2024). https://sozluk.gov.tr/ Erişim tarihi: 18.04.2024.
Tekeli, İ. (2009). Kent Planlaması ve Katılım Üzerine Düşünceler, Planlama,90/3-4
The Street Plans Collaborative (2016) Tactical Urbanist's Guide to Materials and Design v.1.0, https://issuu.com/streetplanscollaborative/docs/tu-guide_to_materials_and_design_v1 Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
Tuna, G. (2022). Taktiksel Şehircilik: Bu İsmin Arkasında Neler Var?. https://www.undp.org/tr/turkiye/blog/taktiksel-sehircilik-bu-ismin-arkasinda-neler-var Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2024.
UN. (1996). Indicators of Sustainable Development: Framework and Methodologies, United Nations Department for Policy Co-ordination and Sustainable Development, New York.
UN. (2006). Global Trends and Status of Indicators of Sustainable Development, Background Paper No.2, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for Sustainable Development, Commission on Sustainable Development, 14. Session, 1-12 Mayıs 2006, New York.
UN. (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for Sustainable Development, Commission on Sustainable Development
UN Habitat. (2017). Inclusive and sustainable Urban planning: A guide for Municipalities
Urban Design Lab. (2023). What is Tactical Urbanism? https://urbandesignlab.in/what-is-tactical-urbanism/
Van Geenhuisen, M., Nijkamp, P. (1994). Sürdürülebilir kenti nasıl planlamalı?, Toplum ve Bilim, Sayı 64-65 Güz, s.129-140.
World Bank. (1997). Expanding the Measure of Wealth: Indicators of Environmentally Sustainable Development, Washington D.C.
WTO. (2004). Indicators of Sustainable Development for Tourism Destinations: A Guide Book, World Tourism Organisation.
Yıldırım, H. Y., Gültekin, A., Tanrivermis, H. (2017). “Evaluation of Cities in the Context of Energy Efficient Urban Planning Approach” Related content Urban Planning and Sustainable Development in The 21st Century, Conceptual and Management Issues. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 245 072051
Zaman A.U., Lehmann S. (2011). What is the ‘Zero Waste City’ Concept? Zero Waste SA Research Centre for Sustainable Design and Behaviour, University of South Australia.
ZIGURAT. (2023). Urban Resilience: Building Sustainable and Future-Proof Cities https://www.e-zigurat.com/en/blog/urban-resilience-sustainable-cities/
