Şehir ve Bölge Planlamada Kuramlar
Özet
Bu bölüm, şehir ve bölge planlamada gelişen kuramsal yaklaşımlarını inceleyerek, planlamanın evrimine ışık tutmaktadır. Sanayi devriminin tetiklediği kentleşme sorunlarına bir yanıt olarak doğan modern planlama, başlangıçta şehirlerin estetik ve işlevsel düzenlenmesiyle ve sosyal reformların hayata geçirilmesiyle öne çıkmıştır. Planlama süreçlerinin karmaşıklığı içinde, kapsamlı planlama yaklaşımı şehirlerin ekonomik, sosyal ve fiziksel boyutlarını bütüncül bir yaklaşımla ele almayı hedeflerken, güç dinamikleri ve çıkar odaklarının etkisi de önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. İletişimsel ve savunucu planlama yaklaşımları, demokratik katılımı ve toplumsal adaleti desteklemekte; kamu yararı ve etik kavramları ise planlama kararlarının temel prensipleri olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bölüm ayrıca katılımcı planlama yöntemlerinin halkın süreçlere etkin katılımını nasıl sağladığını ve yukarıdan ile tabandan planlama yaklaşımlarının nasıl çalıştığını açıklamaktadır. Son olarak, radikal planlama ve Marksist yaklaşımlar, kapitalizmin planlama süreçlerine olan etkilerini eleştirerek toplumsal eşitsizlikleri gidermeye yönelik daha köklü değişimler önermektedir. Bu bölüm, okuyucuyu, şehirlerin adil, sürdürülebilir ve katılımcı bir şekilde nasıl şekillendirilebileceğine dair derinlemesine bir anlayışa ulaştırmayı hedeflemektedir.
This chapter offers a comprehensive exploration of the evolving theoretical approaches in city and regional planning, providing a historical and theoretical evolution of planning. Emerging as a response to the urbanization challenges of the Industrial Revolution, modern planning initially focused on the aesthetic and functional organization of cities and the implementation of social reforms Within the complexities of planning processes, the comprehensive planning approach aims to holistically address the economic, social, and physical aspects of cities, while power dynamics and interest groups play a significant role. Communicative and advocacy planning approaches support democratic participation and social justice, with the principles of public good and ethics serving as foundational aspects of planning decisions. The chapter also elucidates how participatory planning methods ensure effective public involvement and explains the workings of top-down and bottom-up planning approaches. Finally, radical planning and Marxist approaches critique the impact of capitalism on planning processes, proposing more profound changes to address social inequalities. This chapter aims to provide readers with a deep understanding of how cities can be shaped in a fair, sustainable, and participatory manner.
Referanslar
Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216-224.
Bernstein, R. (1983). Beyond objectivism and relativism: Science, hermeneutics and praxis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Corbusier, L. (1933). La ville radieuse: éléments d'une doctorine d'urbanisme pour l'équipment de la civilisation machiniste.
Davidoff, P. (1965). Advocacy and pluralism in planning. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 31(4), 331-338.
Forester, J. (1989). Planning in the Face of Power. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Friedmann, J. (1987). Planning in the public domain: From knowledge to action. Princeton University Press.
Garnier, T. (1918). Une cité industrielle: étude pour la construction des villes.
Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Univ of California Press.
Habermas, J. (1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (T. Burger, Trans.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. (Orijinal çalışma 1962’de yayımlandı)
Hall, P. (1988). Cities of tomorrow: An intellectual history of urban planning and design since 1880. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, (s.31-46)
Harper, T. L., & Stein, S. (1992). The centrality of normative ethical theory to contemporary planning theory. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 11, 105-116.
Healey, P. (2012). The planning project. S. Campbell & S. Fainstein (Eds.), Readings in Planning Theory (ss. 143-154). Malden, MA: Blackwell
Howard, E. (1902). Garden city of tomorrow. London. Passim.
Jacobs, J. (2003). Introduction from The Death and Life of Great American Cities. S. Campbell & S. Fainstein (Eds.), Readings in Planning Theory (ss. 94-109). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Lindblom, C. E. (1959). The science of "muddling through". Public Administration Review, 19, 79-88.
Nozick, R. (1974) Anarchy, State and Utopia. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Rawls, J. (2017). A theory of justice. May, L. (Ed.). Applied ethics: A Multicultural Approach (ss. 21-29). Routledge. (2016). Applied Ethics Routledge. https://doi.org/ 10.4324/9781315097176
Rittel, H. W. J., & Webber, M. M. (1973). Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences, 4(2), 155-169.
Sen A. (1983), Development: Which Why Now? , Economic Journal, Vol 93.
Sen A. (1985), Commodities & Capabilities, Amsterdam, North Holland.
Sen A. (1999), Resources, Values & Development Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Spicker, P. (1990). Charles Booth: the examination of poverty. Social Policy & Administration, 24(1), 21-38.
Wright, F. L. (1932). The disappearing city. William Farquahar Payson; First Edition
Referanslar
Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216-224.
Bernstein, R. (1983). Beyond objectivism and relativism: Science, hermeneutics and praxis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Corbusier, L. (1933). La ville radieuse: éléments d'une doctorine d'urbanisme pour l'équipment de la civilisation machiniste.
Davidoff, P. (1965). Advocacy and pluralism in planning. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 31(4), 331-338.
Forester, J. (1989). Planning in the Face of Power. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Friedmann, J. (1987). Planning in the public domain: From knowledge to action. Princeton University Press.
Garnier, T. (1918). Une cité industrielle: étude pour la construction des villes.
Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Univ of California Press.
Habermas, J. (1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (T. Burger, Trans.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. (Orijinal çalışma 1962’de yayımlandı)
Hall, P. (1988). Cities of tomorrow: An intellectual history of urban planning and design since 1880. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, (s.31-46)
Harper, T. L., & Stein, S. (1992). The centrality of normative ethical theory to contemporary planning theory. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 11, 105-116.
Healey, P. (2012). The planning project. S. Campbell & S. Fainstein (Eds.), Readings in Planning Theory (ss. 143-154). Malden, MA: Blackwell
Howard, E. (1902). Garden city of tomorrow. London. Passim.
Jacobs, J. (2003). Introduction from The Death and Life of Great American Cities. S. Campbell & S. Fainstein (Eds.), Readings in Planning Theory (ss. 94-109). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Lindblom, C. E. (1959). The science of "muddling through". Public Administration Review, 19, 79-88.
Nozick, R. (1974) Anarchy, State and Utopia. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Rawls, J. (2017). A theory of justice. May, L. (Ed.). Applied ethics: A Multicultural Approach (ss. 21-29). Routledge. (2016). Applied Ethics Routledge. https://doi.org/ 10.4324/9781315097176
Rittel, H. W. J., & Webber, M. M. (1973). Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences, 4(2), 155-169.
Sen A. (1983), Development: Which Why Now? , Economic Journal, Vol 93.
Sen A. (1985), Commodities & Capabilities, Amsterdam, North Holland.
Sen A. (1999), Resources, Values & Development Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Spicker, P. (1990). Charles Booth: the examination of poverty. Social Policy & Administration, 24(1), 21-38.
Wright, F. L. (1932). The disappearing city. William Farquahar Payson; First Edition
