Kentlerin Fiziksel Biçimini Etkileyen Faktörler
Özet
Kentler, yüzyıllar boyunca farklı medeniyetler, kültürler ve teknolojik gelişmelerin etkisiyle değişmiştir. Bu değişim süreci, kentlerin fiziksel ve estetik özelliklerinde, ayrıca sosyal ve ekonomik yapılarında büyük değişikliklere neden olmuştur. Kentlerin fiziksel biçimi, yani ‘kentsel form’, bu değişimlerin en belirgin göstergesidir. Kentsel form, binaların, yolların, açık alanların ve diğer fiziksel yapıların düzenini ifade ederken, kentsel morfoloji bu düzenin nasıl oluştuğunu ve zamanla nasıl değiştiğini inceleyen bir bilim dalıdır.
Kentsel form, sabit unsurların mekânsal düzeni olarak tanımlanır ve arazi kullanımı, yoğunluk, ulaşım ve iletişim altyapısını kapsamaktadır. Bu formu etkileyen altı ana faktör vardır: tarihsel gelişme, politik kararlar, doğal çevre, sosyo-ekonomik yapı, kültürel bağlam ve teknolojik gelişmeler. Son zamanlardaki kentsel form üzerine yapılan tartışmalar, artan çevresel sorunlar ve iklim değişikliği nedeniyle sürdürülebilir kentsel form özelliklerine odaklanılmıştır. Enerji verimliliği, yeşil altyapı, sürdürülebilir hareketlilik ve ekolojik denge, şehir planlamasında önem kazanarak modern kentlerin daha dayanıklı, enerji etkin ve çevreye duyarlı olmasını sağlamaktadır.
Cities have changed over centuries due to the influence of different civilizations, cultures, and technological developments. This process has led to significant changes in the physical and aesthetic features of cities, as well as their social and economic structures. The physical shape of cities, known as the ‘urban form’, is the most apparent indicator of these changes. Urban form refers to the arrangement of buildings, roads, open spaces, and other physical structures, while urban morphology is a scientific field that studies how this arrangement is formed and how it changes over time.
Urban form is defined as the spatial arrangement of fixed elements and includes land use, density, transportation, and communication infrastructure. Six main factors affect this form: historical development, political decisions, natural environment, socio-economic structure, cultural context, and technological advancements. Recent discussions on urban form have focused on sustainable urban form characteristics due to increasing environmental issues and climate change. Energy efficiency, green infrastructure, sustainable mobility, and ecological balance are gaining importance in urban planning, making modern cities more resilient, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly.
Referanslar
Aktuğlu Aktan, E.Ö. (2006). Kent biçimi-ulaşım etkileşimine ilişkin (tarihsel ve güncel) uygulamalar ve İstanbul örneği. (Doktora tezi) Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimler Enstitüsü, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.
Anderson, W. P., Kanaroglou, P. S., & Miller, E. J. (1996). Urban form, energy and the environment: a review of issues, evidence and policy. Urban studies, 33(1), 7-35.
Audirac, I. (2002). Information technology and urban form. Journal of Planning Literature, 17(2), 212-226.
Atkinson, R. D. (1998). Technological change and cities. Cityscape, 129-170.
Aytaç, Ö. (2013). Kent mekânları ve kimlik/farklılık sorunu. İdealkent, 4(9), 138-169.
Barras, R. (1987). Technical change and the urban development cycle. Urban Studies, 24(1), 5-30.
Beatley, T. (2012). Green urbanism: Learning from European cities. Island press, Washington, D.C.
Boarnet, M., & Crane, R. (1997). LA story: A reality check for transit-based housing. Journal of the American Planning Association, 63(2), 189-204.
Bohl, C. C. (2000). New urbanism and the city: Potential applications and implications for distressed inner‐city neighborhoods. Housing Policy Debate, 11(4), 761–801. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2000.9521387
Brotchie, J. F. (1984). Technological change and urban form. Environment and Planning A, 16(5), 583-596.
Caniggia, G., & Maffei, G. L. (2001). Architectural composition and building typology: interpreting basic building (Vol. 176). Alinea Editrice, Firenze.
Carmona, M., & Tiesdell, S. (Eds.). (2007). Urban design reader. Routledge.
Conzen, M. R. G. (1960) Alnwick, Northumberland: a study in town-plan analysis Institute of British Geographers Publication 27 (George Philip, London).
Conzen, M. P. (2010). The elusive common denominator in understanding urban form MP Conzen. Urban Morphology, 14(1), 55-58.
Cuthbert, A. R. (2008). The form of cities: Political economy and urban design. John Wiley & Sons.
Dempsey, N., Brown, C., Raman, S., Porta, S., Jenks, M., Jones, C., & Bramley, G. (2010). Elements of urban form. Dimensions of the Sustainable City, 21-51.
de Ridder, K., Lefebre, F., Adriaensen, S., Arnold, U., Beckroege, W., Bronner, C., Damsgaard, O., Dostal, I., Dufek, J., Hirsch, J., IntPanis, L., Kotek, Z., Ramadier, T., Thierry, A., Vermoote, S., Wania, A., & Weber, C. (2008). Simulating the impact of urban sprawl on air quality and population exposure in the German Ruhr area. Part I: Reproducing the base state. Atmospheric Environment, 42(30), 7059–7069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.06.045
Elkin, T., McLaren D., Hillman M. (1991). Reviving the city: Towards sustainable urban development. London: Friends of the Earth.
Erdem Okumus, D., & Terzi, F. (2021). Evaluating the role of urban fabric on surface urban heat island: The case of Istanbul. Sustainable Cities and Society, 73. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCS.2021.103128
Ergen, Y. B. (1983). Şehircilik, Yüksek Teknik Öğretmen Okulu Yayın No: 46.
Erol, A. M., & Görmez, K. (2020). Teoride ve pratikte yeni şehircilik akımı. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1), 271-310.
Fertner, C., & Große, J. (2016). Compact and Resource Efficient Cities? Synergies and Trade-offs in European Cities. European Spatial Research and Policy, 23(1), 65–79.
Frey, H. (2003). Designing the city: Towards a more sustainable urban form. London. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203362433
Gabriel, K. M. A., & Endlicher, W. R. (2011). Urban and rural mortality rates during heat waves in Berlin and Brandenburg, Germany. Environmental Pollution, 159(8–9), 2044–2050. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2011.01.016
Gillham, O. (2002). The limitless city: a primer on the urban sprawl debate. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Glaeser, E. L. (2020). Infrastructure and urban form (No. w28287). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Gehl, J. (2013). Cities for people. Island pres, Washington, D.C.
Gürel, S. (1970). Kent planlamasına giriş ve çevre kavramı. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi, Yayın No:14.
Habraken, N. J. (2000). The structure of the ordinary: form and control in the built environment. MIT press. Cambridge and London.
Holden, E. (2004). Ecological footprints and sustainable urban form. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 19, 91-109.
Jacobs, J. (1961) The death and life of great American cities. Random House, New York.
Jenks, M., & Burgess, R. (Eds.). (2000). Compact cities: Sustainable urban forms for developing countries. Taylor & Francis.
Kurt, C. M. (1966). Topography and urban form. Doctoral dissertation, Rice University, Master Of Architecture, Houston, Texas. https://repository.rice.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/04926371-77a8-4f7b-a542-a4f83408c0d8/content
Kristjánsdóttir, S. (2019). Roots of urban morphology. ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning, 7, 15-36.
Kropf, K. (2009). Aspects of urban form. Urban morphology, 13(2), 105-120.
Kropf, K., & Malfroy, S. (2013). What is urban morphology supposed to be about? Specialization and the growth of a discipline K. Kropf and S. Malfroy. Urban Morphology, 17(2), 128-132.
Kropf, K. (2013). Evolution and urban form: staking out the ground for a more mature theory. Urban Morphology, 17(2), 136-149.
Kropf, K. (2014). Ambiguity in the definition of built form. Urban morphology, 18(1), 41-57.
Larkham, P. J., & Jones, A. N. (Eds.). (1991). A glossary of urban form. Urban Morphology Research Group, School of Geography, University of Birmingham.
Larkham, P. J. (2006). The study of urban form in Great Britain. Urban morphology, 10(2), 117-141.
Larkham, P. J., & Conzen, M. P. (2014). The shapers of urban form. New York: Routledge.
Lefebvre, H. (2003). The urban revolution. U of Minnesota Press, London.
Lynch, K., & Rodwin, L. (1958). A theory of urban form. Journal of the American institute of planners, 24(4), 201-214.
Lynch, K. (1964). The image of the city. MIT press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England.
Lynch, K. (1984). Good city form. MIT press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England.
Marshall, S. (2008) Cities, design and evolution, Routledge, London.
Martino, N., Girling, C., & Lu, Y. (2021). Urban form and livability: socioeconomic and built environment indicators. Buildings & Cities, 2(1).
McLaren, D. (1992). Compact or dispersed? Dilution is no solution. Built Environment (1978-), 268-284.
Morris, A. E. J. (2013). History of urban form before the industrial revolution. Routledge.
Multnomah County Planning Commission, "Urban Forms: An Introduction to the Concept and a Review of Some Factors which Influence the Shape of the Community" (1967). Portland Regional Planning History. 5.
Nasar, J. L. (2003). Does neotraditional development build community?. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 23(1), 58-68.
Nelson, A. C., Burby, R. J., Feser, E., Dawkins, C. J., Malizia, E. E., & Quercia, R. (2004). Urban containment and central-city revitalization. Journal of the American Planning Association, 70(4), 411-425.
Nişanyan, S. (t.y.). "Form". Nişanyan Sözlük. Erişim tarihi: 13 Haziran 2024. URL: https://www.nisanyansozluk.com/kelime/form
Urban morphology – Complex System Institute (2018) Urban form matters. http://www.urbanmorphologyinstitute.org/urban-form-matters/
Ünlü, T. (2006). Kentsel mekânda değişimin yönetilmesi. METU JFA 2006/2 (23:2) 63-92.
Roseland, M. (1997). Dimensions of the eco-city. Cities, 14(4), 197-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0264-2751(97)00003-6
Case Scheer, B. (2010). The Evolution of Urban Form: Typology for Planners and Architects (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351179751
Schirmer, P. M., & Axhausen, K. W. (2016). A multiscale classification of urban morphology. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 9(1), 101-130.
Smith, N. (2002). New globalism, new urbanism: gentrification as global urban strategy. Antipode, 34(3), 427-450. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00249
Spreiregen, P. D., (1965), The Architecture of Towns and Cities, McGraw-Hill, USA.
Tekkanat, S. S., & Türkmen, S. N. (2018). Tarih Boyunca Kent Formlarının Biçimlenişi Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Journal of Aksaray University Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences/Aksaray Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(4).
Terzi, F. (2009). Mekânsal büyüme ve konut alanlarına yönelik gelişme stratejileri. (Doktora tezi) İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimler Enstitüsü, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.
Terzi, F., & Bölen, F. (2009). Urban sprawl measurement of Istanbul. European Planning Studies, 17(10), 1559-1570.
Owens, S. (1992). Energy, environmental sustainability and land-use planning. In M. Breheny (Ed.), Sustainable Development and Urban Form (pp. 79-105). London: Pion.
OECD (2012), Compact City Policies: A Comparative Assessment, OECD Green Growth Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264167865-en.
Uğurlu, Ö. (2010). Kentlerin tarihsel gelişimi. Türkiye Perspektifinden Kent Sosyolojisi Çalışmaları, 25-69.
Venerandi, A., Quattrone, G., & Capra, L. (2018). A scalable method to quantify the relationship between urban form and socio-economic indexes. EPJ Data Science, 7(1), 1-21.
Walker, L., & Rees, W. (1997). Urban density and ecological footprints: an analysis of Canadian households. Eco-city dimensions: Healthy communities, healthy planet. ed. Mark Roseland. Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada: New Society Publishers.
Burton, E., Jenks, M., & Williams, K. (Eds.). (2000). Achieving Sustainable Urban Form (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203827925
Wheeler, S. M. (2000). Planning for metropolitan sustainability. Journal of planning education and research, 20(2), 133-145.
Wheeler, S. M. (2003). The evolution of urban form in Portland and Toronto: Implications for sustainability planning. Local Environment, 8(3), 317-336.
Williams, K., Burton, E., & Jenks, M. (2000). Achieving sustainable urban form: Conclusions. Achieving sustainable urban form, 347-355.
Živković, J. (2020). Urban form and function. Climate action, 862-871.
Referanslar
Aktuğlu Aktan, E.Ö. (2006). Kent biçimi-ulaşım etkileşimine ilişkin (tarihsel ve güncel) uygulamalar ve İstanbul örneği. (Doktora tezi) Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimler Enstitüsü, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.
Anderson, W. P., Kanaroglou, P. S., & Miller, E. J. (1996). Urban form, energy and the environment: a review of issues, evidence and policy. Urban studies, 33(1), 7-35.
Audirac, I. (2002). Information technology and urban form. Journal of Planning Literature, 17(2), 212-226.
Atkinson, R. D. (1998). Technological change and cities. Cityscape, 129-170.
Aytaç, Ö. (2013). Kent mekânları ve kimlik/farklılık sorunu. İdealkent, 4(9), 138-169.
Barras, R. (1987). Technical change and the urban development cycle. Urban Studies, 24(1), 5-30.
Beatley, T. (2012). Green urbanism: Learning from European cities. Island press, Washington, D.C.
Boarnet, M., & Crane, R. (1997). LA story: A reality check for transit-based housing. Journal of the American Planning Association, 63(2), 189-204.
Bohl, C. C. (2000). New urbanism and the city: Potential applications and implications for distressed inner‐city neighborhoods. Housing Policy Debate, 11(4), 761–801. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2000.9521387
Brotchie, J. F. (1984). Technological change and urban form. Environment and Planning A, 16(5), 583-596.
Caniggia, G., & Maffei, G. L. (2001). Architectural composition and building typology: interpreting basic building (Vol. 176). Alinea Editrice, Firenze.
Carmona, M., & Tiesdell, S. (Eds.). (2007). Urban design reader. Routledge.
Conzen, M. R. G. (1960) Alnwick, Northumberland: a study in town-plan analysis Institute of British Geographers Publication 27 (George Philip, London).
Conzen, M. P. (2010). The elusive common denominator in understanding urban form MP Conzen. Urban Morphology, 14(1), 55-58.
Cuthbert, A. R. (2008). The form of cities: Political economy and urban design. John Wiley & Sons.
Dempsey, N., Brown, C., Raman, S., Porta, S., Jenks, M., Jones, C., & Bramley, G. (2010). Elements of urban form. Dimensions of the Sustainable City, 21-51.
de Ridder, K., Lefebre, F., Adriaensen, S., Arnold, U., Beckroege, W., Bronner, C., Damsgaard, O., Dostal, I., Dufek, J., Hirsch, J., IntPanis, L., Kotek, Z., Ramadier, T., Thierry, A., Vermoote, S., Wania, A., & Weber, C. (2008). Simulating the impact of urban sprawl on air quality and population exposure in the German Ruhr area. Part I: Reproducing the base state. Atmospheric Environment, 42(30), 7059–7069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.06.045
Elkin, T., McLaren D., Hillman M. (1991). Reviving the city: Towards sustainable urban development. London: Friends of the Earth.
Erdem Okumus, D., & Terzi, F. (2021). Evaluating the role of urban fabric on surface urban heat island: The case of Istanbul. Sustainable Cities and Society, 73. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCS.2021.103128
Ergen, Y. B. (1983). Şehircilik, Yüksek Teknik Öğretmen Okulu Yayın No: 46.
Erol, A. M., & Görmez, K. (2020). Teoride ve pratikte yeni şehircilik akımı. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1), 271-310.
Fertner, C., & Große, J. (2016). Compact and Resource Efficient Cities? Synergies and Trade-offs in European Cities. European Spatial Research and Policy, 23(1), 65–79.
Frey, H. (2003). Designing the city: Towards a more sustainable urban form. London. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203362433
Gabriel, K. M. A., & Endlicher, W. R. (2011). Urban and rural mortality rates during heat waves in Berlin and Brandenburg, Germany. Environmental Pollution, 159(8–9), 2044–2050. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2011.01.016
Gillham, O. (2002). The limitless city: a primer on the urban sprawl debate. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Glaeser, E. L. (2020). Infrastructure and urban form (No. w28287). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Gehl, J. (2013). Cities for people. Island pres, Washington, D.C.
Gürel, S. (1970). Kent planlamasına giriş ve çevre kavramı. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi, Yayın No:14.
Habraken, N. J. (2000). The structure of the ordinary: form and control in the built environment. MIT press. Cambridge and London.
Holden, E. (2004). Ecological footprints and sustainable urban form. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 19, 91-109.
Jacobs, J. (1961) The death and life of great American cities. Random House, New York.
Jenks, M., & Burgess, R. (Eds.). (2000). Compact cities: Sustainable urban forms for developing countries. Taylor & Francis.
Kurt, C. M. (1966). Topography and urban form. Doctoral dissertation, Rice University, Master Of Architecture, Houston, Texas. https://repository.rice.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/04926371-77a8-4f7b-a542-a4f83408c0d8/content
Kristjánsdóttir, S. (2019). Roots of urban morphology. ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning, 7, 15-36.
Kropf, K. (2009). Aspects of urban form. Urban morphology, 13(2), 105-120.
Kropf, K., & Malfroy, S. (2013). What is urban morphology supposed to be about? Specialization and the growth of a discipline K. Kropf and S. Malfroy. Urban Morphology, 17(2), 128-132.
Kropf, K. (2013). Evolution and urban form: staking out the ground for a more mature theory. Urban Morphology, 17(2), 136-149.
Kropf, K. (2014). Ambiguity in the definition of built form. Urban morphology, 18(1), 41-57.
Larkham, P. J., & Jones, A. N. (Eds.). (1991). A glossary of urban form. Urban Morphology Research Group, School of Geography, University of Birmingham.
Larkham, P. J. (2006). The study of urban form in Great Britain. Urban morphology, 10(2), 117-141.
Larkham, P. J., & Conzen, M. P. (2014). The shapers of urban form. New York: Routledge.
Lefebvre, H. (2003). The urban revolution. U of Minnesota Press, London.
Lynch, K., & Rodwin, L. (1958). A theory of urban form. Journal of the American institute of planners, 24(4), 201-214.
Lynch, K. (1964). The image of the city. MIT press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England.
Lynch, K. (1984). Good city form. MIT press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England.
Marshall, S. (2008) Cities, design and evolution, Routledge, London.
Martino, N., Girling, C., & Lu, Y. (2021). Urban form and livability: socioeconomic and built environment indicators. Buildings & Cities, 2(1).
McLaren, D. (1992). Compact or dispersed? Dilution is no solution. Built Environment (1978-), 268-284.
Morris, A. E. J. (2013). History of urban form before the industrial revolution. Routledge.
Multnomah County Planning Commission, "Urban Forms: An Introduction to the Concept and a Review of Some Factors which Influence the Shape of the Community" (1967). Portland Regional Planning History. 5.
Nasar, J. L. (2003). Does neotraditional development build community?. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 23(1), 58-68.
Nelson, A. C., Burby, R. J., Feser, E., Dawkins, C. J., Malizia, E. E., & Quercia, R. (2004). Urban containment and central-city revitalization. Journal of the American Planning Association, 70(4), 411-425.
Nişanyan, S. (t.y.). "Form". Nişanyan Sözlük. Erişim tarihi: 13 Haziran 2024. URL: https://www.nisanyansozluk.com/kelime/form
Urban morphology – Complex System Institute (2018) Urban form matters. http://www.urbanmorphologyinstitute.org/urban-form-matters/
Ünlü, T. (2006). Kentsel mekânda değişimin yönetilmesi. METU JFA 2006/2 (23:2) 63-92.
Roseland, M. (1997). Dimensions of the eco-city. Cities, 14(4), 197-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0264-2751(97)00003-6
Case Scheer, B. (2010). The Evolution of Urban Form: Typology for Planners and Architects (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351179751
Schirmer, P. M., & Axhausen, K. W. (2016). A multiscale classification of urban morphology. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 9(1), 101-130.
Smith, N. (2002). New globalism, new urbanism: gentrification as global urban strategy. Antipode, 34(3), 427-450. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00249
Spreiregen, P. D., (1965), The Architecture of Towns and Cities, McGraw-Hill, USA.
Tekkanat, S. S., & Türkmen, S. N. (2018). Tarih Boyunca Kent Formlarının Biçimlenişi Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Journal of Aksaray University Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences/Aksaray Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(4).
Terzi, F. (2009). Mekânsal büyüme ve konut alanlarına yönelik gelişme stratejileri. (Doktora tezi) İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimler Enstitüsü, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.
Terzi, F., & Bölen, F. (2009). Urban sprawl measurement of Istanbul. European Planning Studies, 17(10), 1559-1570.
Owens, S. (1992). Energy, environmental sustainability and land-use planning. In M. Breheny (Ed.), Sustainable Development and Urban Form (pp. 79-105). London: Pion.
OECD (2012), Compact City Policies: A Comparative Assessment, OECD Green Growth Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264167865-en.
Uğurlu, Ö. (2010). Kentlerin tarihsel gelişimi. Türkiye Perspektifinden Kent Sosyolojisi Çalışmaları, 25-69.
Venerandi, A., Quattrone, G., & Capra, L. (2018). A scalable method to quantify the relationship between urban form and socio-economic indexes. EPJ Data Science, 7(1), 1-21.
Walker, L., & Rees, W. (1997). Urban density and ecological footprints: an analysis of Canadian households. Eco-city dimensions: Healthy communities, healthy planet. ed. Mark Roseland. Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada: New Society Publishers.
Burton, E., Jenks, M., & Williams, K. (Eds.). (2000). Achieving Sustainable Urban Form (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203827925
Wheeler, S. M. (2000). Planning for metropolitan sustainability. Journal of planning education and research, 20(2), 133-145.
Wheeler, S. M. (2003). The evolution of urban form in Portland and Toronto: Implications for sustainability planning. Local Environment, 8(3), 317-336.
Williams, K., Burton, E., & Jenks, M. (2000). Achieving sustainable urban form: Conclusions. Achieving sustainable urban form, 347-355.
Živković, J. (2020). Urban form and function. Climate action, 862-871.
