Konvülziyon ile Başvuran Hastaya Yaklaşım

Sankhyan N. Non-epileptic paroxysmal events mimicking seizures. Indian J Pediatr 2014;81:898-902.

Uldall P, Alving J, Hansen LK, Kibaek M, Buchholt J. The misdiagnosis of epilepsy in children admitted to a tertiary epilepsy centre with paroxysmal events. Arch Dis Child 2006;91:219-221.

Park EG, Lee J, Lee BL, Lee M, Lee J. Paroxysmal nonepileptic events in pediatric patients. Epilepsy Behav 2015;48:83-87.

Wallace SJ FK. Epilepsy in Childhood. New Delhi: JAYPEE Brothers Medical Publishers(P) Ltd, 2006.

Leung AKC, Leung AAM, Wong AHC, Hon KL. Breath-Holding Spells in Pediatrics: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence. Curr Pediatr Rev 2019;15:22-29.

Garg AK, Paul SP. Reflex anoxic seizures are not epileptic fits: a management dilemma. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2013;80:531-533.

Sheldon RS, Grubb BP, 2nd, Olshansky B, et al. 2015 heart rhythm society expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, and vasovagal syncope. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:e41-63.

Popkirov S, Asadi-Pooya AA, Duncan R, et al. The aetiology of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: risk factors and comorbidities. Epileptic Disord 2019;21:529-547.

Mahowald MW. Parasomnias. Med Clin North Am 2004;88:669-678. ix.

Carter KA, Hathaway NE, Lettieri CF. Common sleep disorders in children. Am Fam Physician 2014;89:368-377.

Mackay M. Fits, faints and funny turns in children. Aust Fam Physician 2005;34:1003-1008.

Nechay A, Ross LM, Stephenson JB, O'Regan M. Gratification disorder ("infantile masturbation"): a review. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:225-226.

Barry S, Baird G, Lascelles K, Bunton P, Hedderly T. Neurodevelopmental movement disorders - an update on childhood motor stereotypies. Dev Med Child Neurol 2011;53:979-985.

Ueda K, Black KJ. A Comprehensive Review of Tic Disorders in Children. J Clin Med 2021;10.

Rybak A, Pesce M, Thapar N, Borrelli O. Gastro-Esophageal Reflux in Children. Int J Mol Sci 2017;18.

Vasudevan C, Levene M. Epidemiology and aetiology of neonatal seizures. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2013;18:185-191.

Ziobro J, Shellhaas RA. Neonatal Seizures: Diagnosis, Etiologies, and Management. Semin Neurol 2020;40:246-256.

Glass HC. Neonatal seizures: advances in mechanisms and management. Clin Perinatol 2014;41:177-190.

Soul JS. Acute symptomatic seizures in term neonates: Etiologies and treatments. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2018;23:183-190.

Shellhaas RA, Wusthoff CJ, Tsuchida TN, et al. Profile of neonatal epilepsies: Characteristics of a prospective US cohort. Neurology 2017;89:893-899.

Beal JC, Cherian K, Moshe SL. Early-onset epileptic encephalopathies: Ohtahara syndrome and early myoclonic encephalopathy. Pediatr Neurol 2012;47:317-323.

Glass HC, Shellhaas RA, Wusthoff CJ, et al. Contemporary Profile of Seizures in Neonates: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Pediatr 2016;174:98-103.e101.

Shah DK, Wusthoff CJ, Clarke P, et al. Electrographic seizures are associated with brain injury in newborns undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2014;99:F219-224.

Wirrell EC, Armstrong EA, Osman LD, Yager JY. Prolonged seizures exacerbate perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Pediatr Res 2001;50:445-454.

Glass HC, Wusthoff CJ, Shellhaas RA, et al. Risk factors for EEG seizures in neonates treated with hypothermia: a multicenter cohort study. Neurology 2014;82:1239-1244.

Pearl PL. Amenable Treatable Severe Pediatric Epilepsies. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2016;23:158-166.

Mills PB, Footitt EJ, Mills KA, et al. Genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (ALDH7A1 deficiency). Brain 2010;133:2148-2159.

Neurodiagnostic evaluation of the child with a simple febrile seizure. Pediatrics 2011;127:389-394.

Smith DK, Sadler KP, Benedum M. Febrile Seizures: Risks, Evaluation, and Prognosis. Am Fam Physician 2019;99:445-450.

Prymula R, Siegrist CA, Chlibek R, et al. Effect of prophylactic paracetamol administration at time of vaccination on febrile reactions and antibody responses in children: two open-label, randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2009;374:1339-1350.

Canpolat M, Kumandaş S. Çocuklarda Status Epileptikus Yönetimi. Turkiye Klinikleri j Pediatr Sci 2018;14:58-81.

Erkek N, Öztürk N, Şevketoğlu E, et al. Status Epileptikus Tedavi Protokolü. Çocuk Acil ve Yoğun Bakım Derneği Web site Ulaşılabilir: http://www cayd org tr/gorseller/files/protokoller/C% CC% A7AYD 2017;20.

Canpolat M, Kumandaş S. Febril konvülziyon. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri, 2020.

Vestergaard M, Pedersen MG, Ostergaard JR, Pedersen CB, Olsen J, Christensen J. Death in children with febrile seizures: a population-based cohort study. Lancet 2008;372:457-463.

Verity CM, Greenwood R, Golding J. Long-term intellectual and behavioral outcomes of children with febrile convulsions. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1723-1728.

Berg AT, Shinnar S, Darefsky AS, et al. Predictors of recurrent febrile seizures. A prospective cohort study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;151:371-378.

Annegers JF, Hauser WA, Shirts SB, Kurland LT. Factors prognostic of unprovoked seizures after febrile convulsions. N Engl J Med 1987;316:493-498.

Pavlidou E, Panteliadis C. Prognostic factors for subsequent epilepsy in children with febrile seizures. Epilepsia 2013;54:2101-2107.

Shinnar S, Glauser TA. Febrile seizures. J Child Neurol 2002;17 Suppl 1:S44-52.

Offringa M, Newton R, Cozijnsen MA, Nevitt SJ. Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;2:Cd003031.

Murata S, Okasora K, Tanabe T, et al. Acetaminophen and Febrile Seizure Recurrences During the Same Fever Episode. Pediatrics 2018;142.

Ertürk Çetin Ö, İşler C, Uzan M, Özkara Ç. Epilepsy-related brain tumors. Seizure 2017;44:93-97.

Thamcharoenvipas T, Takahashi Y, Kimura N, Matsuda K, Usui N. Localizing and Lateralizing Value of Seizure Onset Pattern on Surface EEG in FCD Type II. Pediatr Neurol 2022;129:48-54.

Armour EA, Yiu AJ, Shrey DW, Reddy SB. Underrepresented Populations in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2021;39:100916.

Guerrini R, Duchowny M, Jayakar P, et al. Diagnostic methods and treatment options for focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia 2015;56:1669-1686.

Juhász C, John F. Utility of MRI, PET, and ictal SPECT in presurgical evaluation of non-lesional pediatric epilepsy. Seizure 2020;77:15-28.

Pearl PL. Epilepsy Syndromes in Childhood. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2018;24:186-209.

Mangano S, Fontana A, Cusumano L. Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: neuropsychological and behavioural outcome. Brain Dev 2005;27:218-223.

Caraballo RH, Flesler S, Pasteris MC, Lopez Avaria MF, Fortini S, Vilte C. Myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: an electroclinical study and long-term follow-up of 38 patients. Epilepsia 2013;54:1605-1612.

Hussain SA. Epileptic Encephalopathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2018;24:171-185.

Auvin S, Bellavoine V, Merdariu D, et al. Hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome: current understandings. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2012;16:413-421.

Axeen EJT, Olson HE. Neonatal epilepsy genetics. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2018;23:197-203.

Genizi J, Zelnik N, Ravid S, Shahar E. Childhood epilepsy with occipital paroxysms: difficulties in distinct segregation into either the early-onset or late-onset epilepsy subtypes. J Child Neurol 2007;22:588-592.

Kelley SA, Kossoff EH. Doose syndrome (myoclonic-astatic epilepsy): 40 years of progress. Dev Med Child Neurol 2010;52:988-993.

Beaussart M. Benign epilepsy of children with Rolandic (centro-temporal) paroxysmal foci. A clinical entity. Study of 221 cases. Epilepsia 1972;13:795-811.

Vannest J, Tenney JR, Altaye M, et al. Impact of frequency and lateralization of interictal discharges on neuropsychological and fine motor status in children with benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Epilepsia 2016;57:e161-167.

Camfield CS, Camfield PR, Gordon K, Wirrell E, Dooley JM. Incidence of epilepsy in childhood and adolescence: a population-based study in Nova Scotia from 1977 to 1985. Epilepsia 1996;37:19-23.

Fonseca Wald ELA, Hendriksen JGM, Drenthen GS, et al. Correction to: Towards a Better Understanding of Cognitive Deficits in Absence Epilepsy: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2020;30:164-165.

Guilhoto LM. Absence epilepsy: Continuum of clinical presentation and epigenetics? Seizure 2017;44:53-57.

Camfield CS, Berg A, Stephani U, Wirrell EC. Transition issues for benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, nonlesional focal epilepsy in otherwise normal children, childhood absence epilepsy, and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014;55 Suppl 3:16-20.

Møller RS, Heron SE, Larsen LH, et al. Mutations in KCNT1 cause a spectrum of focal epilepsies. Epilepsia 2015;56:e114-120.

Combi R, Dalprà L, Tenchini ML, Ferini-Strambi L. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy--a critical overview. J Neurol 2004;251:923-934.

Behera K, Rana S, Kanitkar M, Adhikari M. Status Epilepticus in Children. Med J Armed Forces India 2005;61:174-178.

Bashiri FA, Hamad MH, Amer YS, et al. Management of convulsive status epilepticus in children: an adapted clinical practice guideline for pediatricians in Saudi Arabia. Neurosciences (Riyadh) 2017;22:146-155.

Trinka E, Cock H, Hesdorffer D, et al. A definition and classification of status epilepticus--Report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus. Epilepsia 2015;56:1515-1523.

Zimmern V, Korff C. Status Epilepticus in Children. J Clin Neurophysiol 2020;37:429-433.

Lawrence R, Inder T. Neonatal status epilepticus. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2010;17:163-168.

Barcia Aguilar C, Sánchez Fernández I, Loddenkemper T. Status Epilepticus-Work-Up and Management in Children. Semin Neurol 2020;40:661-674.

Trinka E, Höfler J, Leitinger M, Brigo F. Pharmacotherapy for Status Epilepticus. Drugs 2015;75:1499-1521.

Trinka E, Kälviäinen R. 25 years of advances in the definition, classification and treatment of status epilepticus. Seizure 2017;44:65-73.

Sankhyan N. Non-epileptic paroxysmal events mimicking seizures. Indian J Pediatr 2014;81:898-902.

Uldall P, Alving J, Hansen LK, Kibaek M, Buchholt J. The misdiagnosis of epilepsy in children admitted to a tertiary epilepsy centre with paroxysmal events. Arch Dis Child 2006;91:219-221.

Park EG, Lee J, Lee BL, Lee M, Lee J. Paroxysmal nonepileptic events in pediatric patients. Epilepsy Behav 2015;48:83-87.

Wallace SJ FK. Epilepsy in Childhood. New Delhi: JAYPEE Brothers Medical Publishers(P) Ltd, 2006.

Leung AKC, Leung AAM, Wong AHC, Hon KL. Breath-Holding Spells in Pediatrics: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence. Curr Pediatr Rev 2019;15:22-29.

Garg AK, Paul SP. Reflex anoxic seizures are not epileptic fits: a management dilemma. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2013;80:531-533.

Sheldon RS, Grubb BP, 2nd, Olshansky B, et al. 2015 heart rhythm society expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, and vasovagal syncope. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:e41-63.

Popkirov S, Asadi-Pooya AA, Duncan R, et al. The aetiology of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: risk factors and comorbidities. Epileptic Disord 2019;21:529-547.

Mahowald MW. Parasomnias. Med Clin North Am 2004;88:669-678. ix.

Carter KA, Hathaway NE, Lettieri CF. Common sleep disorders in children. Am Fam Physician 2014;89:368-377.

Mackay M. Fits, faints and funny turns in children. Aust Fam Physician 2005;34:1003-1008.

Nechay A, Ross LM, Stephenson JB, O'Regan M. Gratification disorder ("infantile masturbation"): a review. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:225-226.

Barry S, Baird G, Lascelles K, Bunton P, Hedderly T. Neurodevelopmental movement disorders - an update on childhood motor stereotypies. Dev Med Child Neurol 2011;53:979-985.

Ueda K, Black KJ. A Comprehensive Review of Tic Disorders in Children. J Clin Med 2021;10.

Rybak A, Pesce M, Thapar N, Borrelli O. Gastro-Esophageal Reflux in Children. Int J Mol Sci 2017;18.

Vasudevan C, Levene M. Epidemiology and aetiology of neonatal seizures. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2013;18:185-191.

Ziobro J, Shellhaas RA. Neonatal Seizures: Diagnosis, Etiologies, and Management. Semin Neurol 2020;40:246-256.

Glass HC. Neonatal seizures: advances in mechanisms and management. Clin Perinatol 2014;41:177-190.

Soul JS. Acute symptomatic seizures in term neonates: Etiologies and treatments. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2018;23:183-190.

Shellhaas RA, Wusthoff CJ, Tsuchida TN, et al. Profile of neonatal epilepsies: Characteristics of a prospective US cohort. Neurology 2017;89:893-899.

Beal JC, Cherian K, Moshe SL. Early-onset epileptic encephalopathies: Ohtahara syndrome and early myoclonic encephalopathy. Pediatr Neurol 2012;47:317-323.

Glass HC, Shellhaas RA, Wusthoff CJ, et al. Contemporary Profile of Seizures in Neonates: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Pediatr 2016;174:98-103.e101.

Shah DK, Wusthoff CJ, Clarke P, et al. Electrographic seizures are associated with brain injury in newborns undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2014;99:F219-224.

Wirrell EC, Armstrong EA, Osman LD, Yager JY. Prolonged seizures exacerbate perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Pediatr Res 2001;50:445-454.

Glass HC, Wusthoff CJ, Shellhaas RA, et al. Risk factors for EEG seizures in neonates treated with hypothermia: a multicenter cohort study. Neurology 2014;82:1239-1244.

Pearl PL. Amenable Treatable Severe Pediatric Epilepsies. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2016;23:158-166.

Mills PB, Footitt EJ, Mills KA, et al. Genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (ALDH7A1 deficiency). Brain 2010;133:2148-2159.

Neurodiagnostic evaluation of the child with a simple febrile seizure. Pediatrics 2011;127:389-394.

Smith DK, Sadler KP, Benedum M. Febrile Seizures: Risks, Evaluation, and Prognosis. Am Fam Physician 2019;99:445-450.

Prymula R, Siegrist CA, Chlibek R, et al. Effect of prophylactic paracetamol administration at time of vaccination on febrile reactions and antibody responses in children: two open-label, randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2009;374:1339-1350.

Canpolat M, Kumandaş S. Çocuklarda Status Epileptikus Yönetimi. Turkiye Klinikleri j Pediatr Sci 2018;14:58-81.

Erkek N, Öztürk N, Şevketoğlu E, et al. Status Epileptikus Tedavi Protokolü. Çocuk Acil ve Yoğun Bakım Derneği Web site Ulaşılabilir: http://www cayd org tr/gorseller/files/protokoller/C% CC% A7AYD 2017;20.

Canpolat M, Kumandaş S. Febril konvülziyon. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri, 2020.

Vestergaard M, Pedersen MG, Ostergaard JR, Pedersen CB, Olsen J, Christensen J. Death in children with febrile seizures: a population-based cohort study. Lancet 2008;372:457-463.

Verity CM, Greenwood R, Golding J. Long-term intellectual and behavioral outcomes of children with febrile convulsions. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1723-1728.

Berg AT, Shinnar S, Darefsky AS, et al. Predictors of recurrent febrile seizures. A prospective cohort study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;151:371-378.

Annegers JF, Hauser WA, Shirts SB, Kurland LT. Factors prognostic of unprovoked seizures after febrile convulsions. N Engl J Med 1987;316:493-498.

Pavlidou E, Panteliadis C. Prognostic factors for subsequent epilepsy in children with febrile seizures. Epilepsia 2013;54:2101-2107.

Shinnar S, Glauser TA. Febrile seizures. J Child Neurol 2002;17 Suppl 1:S44-52.

Offringa M, Newton R, Cozijnsen MA, Nevitt SJ. Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;2:Cd003031.

Murata S, Okasora K, Tanabe T, et al. Acetaminophen and Febrile Seizure Recurrences During the Same Fever Episode. Pediatrics 2018;142.

Ertürk Çetin Ö, İşler C, Uzan M, Özkara Ç. Epilepsy-related brain tumors. Seizure 2017;44:93-97.

Thamcharoenvipas T, Takahashi Y, Kimura N, Matsuda K, Usui N. Localizing and Lateralizing Value of Seizure Onset Pattern on Surface EEG in FCD Type II. Pediatr Neurol 2022;129:48-54.

Armour EA, Yiu AJ, Shrey DW, Reddy SB. Underrepresented Populations in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2021;39:100916.

Guerrini R, Duchowny M, Jayakar P, et al. Diagnostic methods and treatment options for focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia 2015;56:1669-1686.

Juhász C, John F. Utility of MRI, PET, and ictal SPECT in presurgical evaluation of non-lesional pediatric epilepsy. Seizure 2020;77:15-28.

Pearl PL. Epilepsy Syndromes in Childhood. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2018;24:186-209.

Mangano S, Fontana A, Cusumano L. Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: neuropsychological and behavioural outcome. Brain Dev 2005;27:218-223.

Caraballo RH, Flesler S, Pasteris MC, Lopez Avaria MF, Fortini S, Vilte C. Myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: an electroclinical study and long-term follow-up of 38 patients. Epilepsia 2013;54:1605-1612.

Hussain SA. Epileptic Encephalopathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2018;24:171-185.

Auvin S, Bellavoine V, Merdariu D, et al. Hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome: current understandings. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2012;16:413-421.

Axeen EJT, Olson HE. Neonatal epilepsy genetics. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2018;23:197-203.

Genizi J, Zelnik N, Ravid S, Shahar E. Childhood epilepsy with occipital paroxysms: difficulties in distinct segregation into either the early-onset or late-onset epilepsy subtypes. J Child Neurol 2007;22:588-592.

Kelley SA, Kossoff EH. Doose syndrome (myoclonic-astatic epilepsy): 40 years of progress. Dev Med Child Neurol 2010;52:988-993.

Beaussart M. Benign epilepsy of children with Rolandic (centro-temporal) paroxysmal foci. A clinical entity. Study of 221 cases. Epilepsia 1972;13:795-811.

Vannest J, Tenney JR, Altaye M, et al. Impact of frequency and lateralization of interictal discharges on neuropsychological and fine motor status in children with benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Epilepsia 2016;57:e161-167.

Camfield CS, Camfield PR, Gordon K, Wirrell E, Dooley JM. Incidence of epilepsy in childhood and adolescence: a population-based study in Nova Scotia from 1977 to 1985. Epilepsia 1996;37:19-23.

Fonseca Wald ELA, Hendriksen JGM, Drenthen GS, et al. Correction to: Towards a Better Understanding of Cognitive Deficits in Absence Epilepsy: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2020;30:164-165.

Guilhoto LM. Absence epilepsy: Continuum of clinical presentation and epigenetics? Seizure 2017;44:53-57.

Camfield CS, Berg A, Stephani U, Wirrell EC. Transition issues for benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, nonlesional focal epilepsy in otherwise normal children, childhood absence epilepsy, and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014;55 Suppl 3:16-20.

Møller RS, Heron SE, Larsen LH, et al. Mutations in KCNT1 cause a spectrum of focal epilepsies. Epilepsia 2015;56:e114-120.

Combi R, Dalprà L, Tenchini ML, Ferini-Strambi L. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy--a critical overview. J Neurol 2004;251:923-934.

Behera K, Rana S, Kanitkar M, Adhikari M. Status Epilepticus in Children. Med J Armed Forces India 2005;61:174-178.

Bashiri FA, Hamad MH, Amer YS, et al. Management of convulsive status epilepticus in children: an adapted clinical practice guideline for pediatricians in Saudi Arabia. Neurosciences (Riyadh) 2017;22:146-155.

Trinka E, Cock H, Hesdorffer D, et al. A definition and classification of status epilepticus--Report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus. Epilepsia 2015;56:1515-1523.

Zimmern V, Korff C. Status Epilepticus in Children. J Clin Neurophysiol 2020;37:429-433.

Lawrence R, Inder T. Neonatal status epilepticus. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2010;17:163-168.

Barcia Aguilar C, Sánchez Fernández I, Loddenkemper T. Status Epilepticus-Work-Up and Management in Children. Semin Neurol 2020;40:661-674.

Trinka E, Höfler J, Leitinger M, Brigo F. Pharmacotherapy for Status Epilepticus. Drugs 2015;75:1499-1521.

Trinka E, Kälviäinen R. 25 years of advances in the definition, classification and treatment of status epilepticus. Seizure 2017;44:65-73.