Kranial Sinir Paralizileri

Celil YILMAZ AKAMP. Kranial Sinir Hastalıkları. In: KUMANDAŞ Sefer, CANPOLAT Mehmet, editors. Temel Pediatrik Nöroloji, Tanı ve Tedavi. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi; 2022. p. 1029–49.

Maloney JA, Mirsky DM, Messacar K, Dominguez SR, Schreiner T, Stence N V. MRI findings in children with acute flaccid paralysis and cranial nerve dysfunction occurring during the 2014 enterovirus D68 outbreak. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol [Internet]. 2015 Feb 1 [cited 2025 Feb 8];36(2):245–50. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25414005/

Messacar K, Schreiner TL, Maloney JA, Wallace A, Ludke J, Oberste MS, et al. A cluster of acute flaccid paralysis and cranial nerve dysfunction temporally associated with an outbreak of enterovirus D68 in children in Colorado, USA. Lancet [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 9];385(9978):1662–71. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25638662/

Bernaola Abraira M, Bartha De Las Peñas I, López-Araujo GA, Escudero Diez C, Rodríguez Del Río P, Morales-Cabeza C, et al. Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in Pediatric Patients With Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 Feb 9];31(3):277–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33522490/

Sandford AA, Davidson TM, Herrera N, Gilbert P, Magit AE, Haug K, et al. Olfactory dysfunction: a sequela of pediatric blunt head trauma. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2006 Jun [cited 2025 Feb 9];70(6):1015–25. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16360887/

Balcer LJ, Miller DH, Reingold SC, Cohen JA. Vision and vision-related outcome measures in multiple sclerosis. Brain [Internet]. 2015 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Feb 9];138(Pt 1):11–27. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433914/

Hickman SJ, Dalton CM, Miller DH, Plant GT. Management of acute optic neuritis. Lancet [Internet]. 2002 Dec 14 [cited 2025 Feb 9];360(9349):1953–62. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12493277/

Kupersmith MJ, Gal RL, Beck RW, Xing D, Miller N, Buckley EG, et al. Visual function at baseline and 1 month in acute optic neuritis: predictors of visual outcome. Neurology [Internet]. 2007 Aug [cited 2025 Feb 9];69(6):508–14. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17679669/

Hayreh SS. Ischemic optic neuropathy. Prog Retin Eye Res [Internet]. 2009 Jan [cited 2025 Feb 9];28(1):34–62. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19063989/

Bennett JL. Optic Neuritis. Continuum (Minneap Minn) [Internet]. 2019 Oct 1 [cited 2025 Feb 9];25(5):1236. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395663/

Yeh EA, Graves JS, Benson LA, Wassmer E, Waldman A. Pediatric optic neuritis. Neurology [Internet]. 2016 Aug 30 [cited 2025 Feb 9];87(9 Suppl 2):S53–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27572862/

Lock JH, Newman NJ, Biousse V, Peragallo JH. Update on pediatric optic neuritis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2019 Nov 1 [cited 2025 Feb 9];30(6):418–25. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31433309/

de Blank PMK, Fisher MJ, Liu GT, Gutmann DH, Listernick R, Ferner RE, et al. Optic Pathway Gliomas in Neurofibromatosis Type 1: An Update: Surveillance, Treatment Indications, and Biomarkers of Vision. J Neuroophthalmol [Internet]. 2017 Sep 1 [cited 2025 Feb 9];37(Suppl 1):S23. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7410089/

Kim JW, Phi JH, Lee JY, Koh EJ, Kim KH, Kang HJ, et al. Clinical Outcome of Optic Pathway and Hypothalamic Gliomas: A 20-Year Single-Institution Retrospective Study. World Neurosurg [Internet]. 2022 Oct 1 [cited 2025 Feb 9];166:e451–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35840093/

Pohl D, Alper G, Van Haren K, Kornberg AJ, Lucchinetti CF, Tenembaum S, et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: Updates on an inflammatory CNS syndrome. Neurology [Internet]. 2016 Aug 30 [cited 2025 Feb 9];87(9 Suppl 2):S38–45. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27572859/

Banwell B, Bar-Or A, Arnold DL, Sadovnick D, Narayanan S, McGowan M, et al. Clinical, environmental, and genetic determinants of multiple sclerosis in children with acute demyelination: a prospective national cohort study. Lancet Neurol [Internet]. 2011 May [cited 2025 Feb 9];10(5):436–45. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21459044/

Bianchi-Marzoli S, Brancato R. Third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsies. Curr Opin Ophthalmol [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2025 Feb 9];8(6):45–51. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10176103/

Keane JR. Multiple cranial nerve palsies: analysis of 979 cases. Arch Neurol [Internet]. 2005 Nov [cited 2025 Feb 9];62(11):1714–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16286545/

Richards BW, Jones FR, Younge BR. Causes and prognosis in 4,278 cases of paralysis of the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens cranial nerves. Am J Ophthalmol [Internet]. 1992 [cited 2025 Feb 9];113(5):489–96. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1575221/

Yanovitch T, Buckley E. Diagnosis and management of third nerve palsy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2007 Sep [cited 2025 Feb 9];18(5):373–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17700229/

Park UC, Kim SJ, Hwang JM, Yu YS. Clinical features and natural history of acquired third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsy. Eye (Lond) [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2025 Feb 9];22(5):691–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17293794/

Kamel HAM, Toland J. Trigeminal nerve anatomy: illustrated using examples of abnormalities. AJR Am J Roentgenol [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2025 Feb 9];176(1):247–51. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11133576/

Bathla G, Hegde AN. The trigeminal nerve: an illustrated review of its imaging anatomy and pathology. Clin Radiol [Internet]. 2013 Feb [cited 2025 Feb 9];68(2):203–13. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22889460/

Gonella MC, Fischbein NJ, So YT. Disorders of the trigeminal system. Semin Neurol [Internet]. 2009 Feb [cited 2025 Feb 9];29(1):36–44. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19214931/

Love S, Coakham HB. Trigeminal neuralgia: pathology and pathogenesis. Brain [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2025 Feb 9];124(Pt 12):2347–60. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11701590/

Goadsby PJ, Cohen AS, Matharu MS. Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias: diagnosis and treatment. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep [Internet]. 2007 Mar [cited 2025 Feb 9];7(2):117–25. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17355838/

Lambru G, Matharu M. Management of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias in children and adolescents. Curr Pain Headache Rep [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2025 Feb 9];17(4). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23475698/

Graff-Radford S, Gordon R, Ganal J, Tetradis S. Trigeminal neuralgia and facial pain imaging. Curr Pain Headache Rep [Internet]. 2015 Jun 29 [cited 2025 Feb 9];19(6). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26017711/

Haller S, Etienne L, Kövari E, Varoquaux AD, Urbach H, Becker M. Imaging of Neurovascular Compression Syndromes: Trigeminal Neuralgia, Hemifacial Spasm, Vestibular Paroxysmia, and Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol [Internet]. 2016 Aug 1 [cited 2025 Feb 10];37(8):1384–92. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26892985/

Pavlou E, Gkampeta A, Arampatzi M. Facial nerve palsy in childhood. Brain Dev [Internet]. 2011 Sep [cited 2025 Feb 9];33(8):644–50. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21144684/

Spencer CR, Irving RM. Causes and management of facial nerve palsy. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) [Internet]. 2016 Dec 1 [cited 2025 Feb 10];77(12):686–91. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27937022/

Evans AK, Licameli G, Brietzke S, Whittemore K, Kenna M. Pediatric facial nerve paralysis: patients, management and outcomes. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2005 Nov [cited 2025 Feb 9];69(11):1521–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15985298/

Shapiro ED, Gerber MA. Lyme disease and facial nerve palsy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2025 Feb 10];151(12):1183–4. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9412591/

Gilden DH. Clinical practice. Bell’s Palsy. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2004 Sep 23 [cited 2025 Feb 9];351(13):1323–31. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15385659/

Holland NJ, Weiner GM. Recent developments in Bell’s palsy. BMJ : British Medical Journal [Internet]. 2004 Sep 4 [cited 2025 Feb 9];329(7465):553. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC516110/

Morales DR, Donnan PT, Daly F, Van Staa T, Sullivan FM. Impact of clinical trial findings on Bell’s palsy management in general practice in the UK 2001-2012: interrupted time series regression analysis. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2025 Feb 9];3(7). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23864211/

Gupta KK, Balai E, Tang HT, Ahmed AA, Doshi JR. Comparing the Use of High-Dose to Standard-Dose Corticosteroids for the Treatment of Bell’s Palsy in Adults-A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Otol Neurotol [Internet]. 2023 Apr 1 [cited 2025 Feb 10];44(4):310–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36706448/

Hato N, Yamada H, Kohno H, Matsumoto S, Honda N, Gyo K, et al. Valacyclovir and prednisolone treatment for Bell’s palsy: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Otol Neurotol [Internet]. 2007 Apr [cited 2025 Feb 10];28(3):408–13. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17414047/

Sweeney CJ, Gilden DH. Ramsay Hunt syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2025 Feb 10];71(2):149–54. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11459884/

Ananthapadmanabhan S, Soodin D, Sritharan N, Sivapathasingam V. Ramsay Hunt syndrome with multiple cranial neuropathy: a literature review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2022 May 1 [cited 2025 Feb 10];279(5):2239–44. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34687339/

Roizen NJ. Etiology of hearing loss in children. Nongenetic causes. Pediatr Clin North Am [Internet]. 1999 [cited 2025 Feb 10];46(1):49–64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10079789/

Bhattacharyya N, Gubbels SP, Schwartz SR, Edlow JA, El-Kashlan H, Fife T, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (Update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg [Internet]. 2017 Mar 1 [cited 2025 Feb 10];156(3_suppl):S1–47. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28248609/

Karatas M. Central vertigo and dizziness: epidemiology, differential diagnosis, and common causes. Neurologist [Internet]. 2008 Nov [cited 2025 Feb 10];14(6):355–64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19008741/

Jose Chacko GBBMPK. Bilateral Lower Cranial Nerve Palsy after Closed Head Injury: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 2018 Dec;22(12):65–8.

Kitchens JL, Groff DB, Nagaraj HS, Fallat ME. Basilar skull fractures in childhood with cranial nerve involvement. J Pediatr Surg. 1991 Aug 1;26(8):992–4.

McEntire CRS, Chwalisz BK. Cranial nerve involvement, visual complications and headache syndromes in Lyme disease. Curr Opin Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2024 May 1 [cited 2025 Feb 10];35(3):265–71. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/co-ophthalmology/fulltext/2024/05000/cranial_nerve_involvement,_visual_complications.19.aspx

Celil YILMAZ AKAMP. Kranial Sinir Hastalıkları. In: KUMANDAŞ Sefer, CANPOLAT Mehmet, editors. Temel Pediatrik Nöroloji, Tanı ve Tedavi. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi; 2022. p. 1029–49.

Maloney JA, Mirsky DM, Messacar K, Dominguez SR, Schreiner T, Stence N V. MRI findings in children with acute flaccid paralysis and cranial nerve dysfunction occurring during the 2014 enterovirus D68 outbreak. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol [Internet]. 2015 Feb 1 [cited 2025 Feb 8];36(2):245–50. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25414005/

Messacar K, Schreiner TL, Maloney JA, Wallace A, Ludke J, Oberste MS, et al. A cluster of acute flaccid paralysis and cranial nerve dysfunction temporally associated with an outbreak of enterovirus D68 in children in Colorado, USA. Lancet [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 9];385(9978):1662–71. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25638662/

Bernaola Abraira M, Bartha De Las Peñas I, López-Araujo GA, Escudero Diez C, Rodríguez Del Río P, Morales-Cabeza C, et al. Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in Pediatric Patients With Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 Feb 9];31(3):277–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33522490/

Sandford AA, Davidson TM, Herrera N, Gilbert P, Magit AE, Haug K, et al. Olfactory dysfunction: a sequela of pediatric blunt head trauma. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2006 Jun [cited 2025 Feb 9];70(6):1015–25. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16360887/

Balcer LJ, Miller DH, Reingold SC, Cohen JA. Vision and vision-related outcome measures in multiple sclerosis. Brain [Internet]. 2015 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Feb 9];138(Pt 1):11–27. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433914/

Hickman SJ, Dalton CM, Miller DH, Plant GT. Management of acute optic neuritis. Lancet [Internet]. 2002 Dec 14 [cited 2025 Feb 9];360(9349):1953–62. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12493277/

Kupersmith MJ, Gal RL, Beck RW, Xing D, Miller N, Buckley EG, et al. Visual function at baseline and 1 month in acute optic neuritis: predictors of visual outcome. Neurology [Internet]. 2007 Aug [cited 2025 Feb 9];69(6):508–14. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17679669/

Hayreh SS. Ischemic optic neuropathy. Prog Retin Eye Res [Internet]. 2009 Jan [cited 2025 Feb 9];28(1):34–62. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19063989/

Bennett JL. Optic Neuritis. Continuum (Minneap Minn) [Internet]. 2019 Oct 1 [cited 2025 Feb 9];25(5):1236. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395663/

Yeh EA, Graves JS, Benson LA, Wassmer E, Waldman A. Pediatric optic neuritis. Neurology [Internet]. 2016 Aug 30 [cited 2025 Feb 9];87(9 Suppl 2):S53–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27572862/

Lock JH, Newman NJ, Biousse V, Peragallo JH. Update on pediatric optic neuritis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2019 Nov 1 [cited 2025 Feb 9];30(6):418–25. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31433309/

de Blank PMK, Fisher MJ, Liu GT, Gutmann DH, Listernick R, Ferner RE, et al. Optic Pathway Gliomas in Neurofibromatosis Type 1: An Update: Surveillance, Treatment Indications, and Biomarkers of Vision. J Neuroophthalmol [Internet]. 2017 Sep 1 [cited 2025 Feb 9];37(Suppl 1):S23. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7410089/

Kim JW, Phi JH, Lee JY, Koh EJ, Kim KH, Kang HJ, et al. Clinical Outcome of Optic Pathway and Hypothalamic Gliomas: A 20-Year Single-Institution Retrospective Study. World Neurosurg [Internet]. 2022 Oct 1 [cited 2025 Feb 9];166:e451–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35840093/

Pohl D, Alper G, Van Haren K, Kornberg AJ, Lucchinetti CF, Tenembaum S, et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: Updates on an inflammatory CNS syndrome. Neurology [Internet]. 2016 Aug 30 [cited 2025 Feb 9];87(9 Suppl 2):S38–45. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27572859/

Banwell B, Bar-Or A, Arnold DL, Sadovnick D, Narayanan S, McGowan M, et al. Clinical, environmental, and genetic determinants of multiple sclerosis in children with acute demyelination: a prospective national cohort study. Lancet Neurol [Internet]. 2011 May [cited 2025 Feb 9];10(5):436–45. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21459044/

Bianchi-Marzoli S, Brancato R. Third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsies. Curr Opin Ophthalmol [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2025 Feb 9];8(6):45–51. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10176103/

Keane JR. Multiple cranial nerve palsies: analysis of 979 cases. Arch Neurol [Internet]. 2005 Nov [cited 2025 Feb 9];62(11):1714–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16286545/

Richards BW, Jones FR, Younge BR. Causes and prognosis in 4,278 cases of paralysis of the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens cranial nerves. Am J Ophthalmol [Internet]. 1992 [cited 2025 Feb 9];113(5):489–96. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1575221/

Yanovitch T, Buckley E. Diagnosis and management of third nerve palsy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2007 Sep [cited 2025 Feb 9];18(5):373–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17700229/

Park UC, Kim SJ, Hwang JM, Yu YS. Clinical features and natural history of acquired third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsy. Eye (Lond) [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2025 Feb 9];22(5):691–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17293794/

Kamel HAM, Toland J. Trigeminal nerve anatomy: illustrated using examples of abnormalities. AJR Am J Roentgenol [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2025 Feb 9];176(1):247–51. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11133576/

Bathla G, Hegde AN. The trigeminal nerve: an illustrated review of its imaging anatomy and pathology. Clin Radiol [Internet]. 2013 Feb [cited 2025 Feb 9];68(2):203–13. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22889460/

Gonella MC, Fischbein NJ, So YT. Disorders of the trigeminal system. Semin Neurol [Internet]. 2009 Feb [cited 2025 Feb 9];29(1):36–44. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19214931/

Love S, Coakham HB. Trigeminal neuralgia: pathology and pathogenesis. Brain [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2025 Feb 9];124(Pt 12):2347–60. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11701590/

Goadsby PJ, Cohen AS, Matharu MS. Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias: diagnosis and treatment. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep [Internet]. 2007 Mar [cited 2025 Feb 9];7(2):117–25. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17355838/

Lambru G, Matharu M. Management of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias in children and adolescents. Curr Pain Headache Rep [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2025 Feb 9];17(4). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23475698/

Graff-Radford S, Gordon R, Ganal J, Tetradis S. Trigeminal neuralgia and facial pain imaging. Curr Pain Headache Rep [Internet]. 2015 Jun 29 [cited 2025 Feb 9];19(6). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26017711/

Haller S, Etienne L, Kövari E, Varoquaux AD, Urbach H, Becker M. Imaging of Neurovascular Compression Syndromes: Trigeminal Neuralgia, Hemifacial Spasm, Vestibular Paroxysmia, and Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol [Internet]. 2016 Aug 1 [cited 2025 Feb 10];37(8):1384–92. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26892985/

Pavlou E, Gkampeta A, Arampatzi M. Facial nerve palsy in childhood. Brain Dev [Internet]. 2011 Sep [cited 2025 Feb 9];33(8):644–50. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21144684/

Spencer CR, Irving RM. Causes and management of facial nerve palsy. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) [Internet]. 2016 Dec 1 [cited 2025 Feb 10];77(12):686–91. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27937022/

Evans AK, Licameli G, Brietzke S, Whittemore K, Kenna M. Pediatric facial nerve paralysis: patients, management and outcomes. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2005 Nov [cited 2025 Feb 9];69(11):1521–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15985298/

Shapiro ED, Gerber MA. Lyme disease and facial nerve palsy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2025 Feb 10];151(12):1183–4. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9412591/

Gilden DH. Clinical practice. Bell’s Palsy. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2004 Sep 23 [cited 2025 Feb 9];351(13):1323–31. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15385659/

Holland NJ, Weiner GM. Recent developments in Bell’s palsy. BMJ : British Medical Journal [Internet]. 2004 Sep 4 [cited 2025 Feb 9];329(7465):553. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC516110/

Morales DR, Donnan PT, Daly F, Van Staa T, Sullivan FM. Impact of clinical trial findings on Bell’s palsy management in general practice in the UK 2001-2012: interrupted time series regression analysis. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2025 Feb 9];3(7). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23864211/

Gupta KK, Balai E, Tang HT, Ahmed AA, Doshi JR. Comparing the Use of High-Dose to Standard-Dose Corticosteroids for the Treatment of Bell’s Palsy in Adults-A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Otol Neurotol [Internet]. 2023 Apr 1 [cited 2025 Feb 10];44(4):310–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36706448/

Hato N, Yamada H, Kohno H, Matsumoto S, Honda N, Gyo K, et al. Valacyclovir and prednisolone treatment for Bell’s palsy: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Otol Neurotol [Internet]. 2007 Apr [cited 2025 Feb 10];28(3):408–13. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17414047/

Sweeney CJ, Gilden DH. Ramsay Hunt syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2025 Feb 10];71(2):149–54. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11459884/

Ananthapadmanabhan S, Soodin D, Sritharan N, Sivapathasingam V. Ramsay Hunt syndrome with multiple cranial neuropathy: a literature review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2022 May 1 [cited 2025 Feb 10];279(5):2239–44. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34687339/

Roizen NJ. Etiology of hearing loss in children. Nongenetic causes. Pediatr Clin North Am [Internet]. 1999 [cited 2025 Feb 10];46(1):49–64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10079789/

Bhattacharyya N, Gubbels SP, Schwartz SR, Edlow JA, El-Kashlan H, Fife T, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (Update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg [Internet]. 2017 Mar 1 [cited 2025 Feb 10];156(3_suppl):S1–47. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28248609/

Karatas M. Central vertigo and dizziness: epidemiology, differential diagnosis, and common causes. Neurologist [Internet]. 2008 Nov [cited 2025 Feb 10];14(6):355–64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19008741/

Jose Chacko GBBMPK. Bilateral Lower Cranial Nerve Palsy after Closed Head Injury: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 2018 Dec;22(12):65–8.

Kitchens JL, Groff DB, Nagaraj HS, Fallat ME. Basilar skull fractures in childhood with cranial nerve involvement. J Pediatr Surg. 1991 Aug 1;26(8):992–4.

McEntire CRS, Chwalisz BK. Cranial nerve involvement, visual complications and headache syndromes in Lyme disease. Curr Opin Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2024 May 1 [cited 2025 Feb 10];35(3):265–71. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/co-ophthalmology/fulltext/2024/05000/cranial_nerve_involvement,_visual_complications.19.aspx