Pediatrik Santral Sinir Sistemi Enfeksiyonları
Özet
Referanslar
Zainel A, Mitchell H, Sadarangani M. Bacterial Meningitis in Children: Neurological Complications, Associated Risk Factors, and Prevention. Microorganisms. 2021;9(3).
Güneş A, Konca Ç, Aktar F, et al. Meningitis in children: evaluation of 197 patients. 2015.
Soylar M, Altuğlu İ, Sertöz R, et al. Ege Üniversitesi Hastanesi'ne başvuran santral sinir sistemi enfeksiyonu olgularında saptanan viral etkenler. Ege Tıp Dergisi. 2014;53(2):65-70.
Trujillo-Gómez J, Navarro CE, Atehortúa-Muñoz S, et al. Acute infections of the central nervous system in children and adults: diagnosis and management. Minerva Med. 2024;115(4):476-502.
Kastrup O, Wanke I, Maschke M. Neuroimaging of infections of the central nervous system. Semin Neurol. 2008;28(4):511-522.
Rudolph H, Schroten H, Tenenbaum T. Enterovirus Infections of the Central Nervous System in Children: An Update. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016;35(5):567-569.
Autore G, Bernardi L, Perrone S, et al. Update on Viral Infections Involving the Central Nervous System in Pediatric Patients. Children (Basel). 2021;8(9).
Pahud BA, Glaser CA, Dekker CL, et al. Varicella zoster disease of the central nervous system: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory features 10 years after the introduction of the varicella vaccine. J Infect Dis. 2011;203(3):316-323.
LaRovere KL, Riggs BJ, Poussaint TY, et al. Neurologic Involvement in Children and Adolescents Hospitalized in the United States for COVID-19 or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78(5):536-547.
Panda PK, Sharawat IK, Panda P, et al. Neurological Complications of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Trop Pediatr. 2021;67(3).
Lindan CE, Mankad K, Ram D, et al. Neuroimaging manifestations in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multinational, multicentre collaborative study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021;5(3):167-177.
Simon DW, Schober ME. Acute central and peripheral nervous system injury associated with coronavirus disease 2019: recognition and treatment strategies. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2021;33(6):591-596.
Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(12):1061-1082.
Shieh HH, Ragazzi SL, Gilio AE. Risk factors for neurological complications and sequelae in childhood acute bacterial meningitis. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2012;88(2):184-185; author reply 185-186.
Yogev R, Guzman-Cottrill J. Bacterial meningitis in children: critical review of current concepts. Drugs. 2005;65(8):1097-1112.
Pelkonen T, Roine I, Monteiro L, et al. Risk factors for death and severe neurological sequelae in childhood bacterial meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(8):1107-1110.
Softić I, Tahirović H, Hasanhodžić M. Neonatal bacterial meningitis: Results from a cross-sectional hospital based study. Acta Med Acad. 2015;44(2):117-123.
McIntyre PB, O'Brien KL, Greenwood B, et al. Effect of vaccines on bacterial meningitis worldwide. Lancet. 2012;380(9854):1703-1711.
van de Beek D, Cabellos C, Dzupova O, et al. ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clinical microbiology and infection. 2016;22:S37-S62.
van de Beek D, de Gans J, Spanjaard L, et al. Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(18):1849-1859.
Suthar R, Sankhyan N. Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System. Indian J Pediatr. 2019;86(1):60-69.
van de Beek D, Brouwer MC, Thwaites GE, et al. Advances in treatment of bacterial meningitis. Lancet. 2012;380(9854):1693-1702.
Attia J, Hatala R, Cook DJ, et al. The rational clinical examination. Does this adult patient have acute meningitis? Jama. 1999;282(2):175-181.
Waghdhare S, Kalantri A, Joshi R, et al. Accuracy of physical signs for detecting meningitis: a hospital-based diagnostic accuracy study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2010;112(9):752-757.
Brouwer MC, Thwaites GE, Tunkel AR, et al. Dilemmas in the diagnosis of acute community-acquired bacterial meningitis. Lancet. 2012;380(9854):1684-1692.
Hoen B, Varon E, de Debroucker T, et al. Management of acute community-acquired bacterial meningitis (excluding newborns). Long version with arguments. Med Mal Infect. 2019;49(6):405-441.
van de Beek D, Brouwer MC, Koedel U, et al. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis. Lancet. 2021;398(10306):1171-1183.
Brouwer MC, Tunkel AR, van de Beek D. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and antimicrobial treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010;23(3):467-492.
Lin WL, Chi H, Huang FY, et al. Analysis of clinical outcomes in pediatric bacterial meningitis focusing on patients without cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2016;49(5):723-728.
van Soest TM, Chekrouni N, van Sorge NM, et al. Bacterial meningitis presenting with a normal cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte count. J Infect. 2022;84(5):615-620.
Troendle M, Pettigrew A. A systematic review of cases of meningitis in the absence of cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis on lumbar puncture. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):692.
Straus SE, Thorpe KE, Holroyd-Leduc J. How do I perform a lumbar puncture and analyze the results to diagnose bacterial meningitis? Jama. 2006;296(16):2012-2022.
Hasbun R. Progress and Challenges in Bacterial Meningitis: A Review. Jama. 2022;328(21):2147-2154.
Someko H, Okazaki Y, Tsujimoto Y, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of rapid antigen tests in cerebrospinal fluid for pneumococcal meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2023;29(3):310-319.
Shahan B, Choi EY, Nieves G. Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis. Am Fam Physician. 2021;103(7):422-428.
Nhantumbo AA, Cantarelli VV, Caireão J, et al. Frequency of Pathogenic Paediatric Bacterial Meningitis in Mozambique: The Critical Role of Multiplex Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction to Estimate the Burden of Disease. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138249.
Nigrovic LE, Kuppermann N, Malley R. Children with bacterial meningitis presenting to the emergency department during the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15(6):522-528.
Klein M, Abdel-Hadi C, Bühler R, et al. German guidelines on community-acquired acute bacterial meningitis in adults. Neurol Res Pract. 2023;5(1):44.
Proulx N, Fréchette D, Toye B, et al. Delays in the administration of antibiotics are associated with mortality from adult acute bacterial meningitis. Qjm. 2005;98(4):291-298.
Weinberg GA, Thompson-Stone R. Bacterial Infections of the Nervous System. Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology: Elsevier 2017:883-894.
Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clinical infectious diseases. 2004;39(9):1267-1284.
Alamarat Z, Hasbun R. Management of Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Children. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:4077-4089.
Brouwer MC, McIntyre P, Prasad K, et al. Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(9):Cd004405.
Pediatrics AAo. Haemophilus influenzae infections. Red book: 2003 report of the committee on infectious diseases. 2003.
Swanson D. Meningitis. Pediatr Rev. 2015;36(12):514-524; quiz 525-516.
Bodilsen J, Dalager-Pedersen M, Schønheyder HC, et al. Time to antibiotic therapy and outcome in bacterial meningitis: a Danish population-based cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:392.
Edmond K, Dieye Y, Griffiths UK, et al. Prospective cohort study of disabling sequelae and quality of life in children with bacterial meningitis in urban Senegal. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29(11):1023-1029.
Gaschignard J, Levy C, Romain O, et al. Neonatal Bacterial Meningitis: 444 Cases in 7 Years. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30(3):212-217.
Kavuncuoğlu S, Gürsoy S, Türel Ö, et al. Neonatal bacterial meningitis in Turkey: epidemiology, risk factors, and prognosis. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2013;7(2):73-81.
Bodilsen J, Schønheyder HC, Nielsen H. Hydrocephalus is a rare outcome in community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults: a retrospective analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:321.
Jim KK, Brouwer MC, van der Ende A, et al. Subdural empyema in bacterial meningitis. Neurology. 2012;79(21):2133-2139.
Bodilsen J, Dalager-Pedersen M, Schønheyder HC, et al. Stroke in community-acquired bacterial meningitis: a Danish population-based study. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;20:18-22.
Mteshana P. Use of the PCR technique to diagnose meningitis in children admitted to Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital. 2019.
Logan SA, MacMahon E. Viral meningitis. Bmj. 2008;336(7634):36-40.
Al-Qahtani SM, Shati AA, Alqahtani YA, et al. Etiology, Clinical Phenotypes, Epidemiological Correlates, Laboratory Biomarkers and Diagnostic Challenges of Pediatric Viral Meningitis: Descriptive Review. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:923125.
Kumar R. Aseptic meningitis: diagnosis and management. Indian J Pediatr. 2005;72(1):57-63.
Desmond RA, Accortt NA, Talley L, et al. Enteroviral meningitis: natural history and outcome of pleconaril therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50(7):2409-2414.
McGill F, Griffiths MJ, Bonnett LJ, et al. Incidence, aetiology, and sequelae of viral meningitis in UK adults: a multicentre prospective observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(9):992-1003.
Hviid A, Melbye M. The epidemiology of viral meningitis hospitalization in childhood. Epidemiology. 2007;18(6):695-701.
Mehndiratta M, Nayak R, Garg H, et al. Appraisal of Kernig's and Brudzinski's sign in meningitis. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2012;15(4):287-288.
Parikh V, Tucci V, Galwankar S. Infections of the nervous system. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2012;2(2):82-97.
Verstrepen WA, Kuhn S, Kockx MM, et al. Rapid detection of enterovirus RNA in cerebrospinal fluid specimens with a novel single-tube real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39(11):4093-4096.
de Crom SC, Obihara CC, de Moor RA, et al. Prospective comparison of the detection rates of human enterovirus and parechovirus RT-qPCR and viral culture in different pediatric specimens. J Clin Virol. 2013;58(2):449-454.
Kupila L, Vuorinen T, Vainionpäā R, et al. Diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis by use of polymerase chain reaction of cerebrospinal fluid, stool, and serum specimens. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(7):982-987.
Carbo EC, Blankenspoor I, Goeman JJ, et al. Viral metagenomic sequencing in the diagnosis of meningoencephalitis: a review of technical advances and diagnostic yield. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2021;21(11):1139-1146.
Petersen PT, Bodilsen J, Jepsen MPG, et al. Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with viral meningitis. Brain. 2023;146(9):3816-3825.
Crawford JR. Advances in pediatric neurovirology. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2010;10(2):147-154.
Kaewpoowat Q, Salazar L, Aguilera E, et al. Herpes simplex and varicella zoster CNS infections: clinical presentations, treatments and outcomes. Infection. 2016;44:337-345.
Steiner I, Budka H, Chaudhuri A, et al. Viral meningoencephalitis: a review of diagnostic methods and guidelines for management. European Journal of Neurology. 2010;17(8):999-e957.
Braccio S, Kapetanstrataki M, Sharland M, et al. Intensive care admissions for children with Enterovirus and human Parechovirus infections in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, 2010–2014. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2017;36(3):339-342.
Lin TY, Kao HT, Hsieh SH, et al. Neonatal enterovirus infections: emphasis on risk factors of severe and fatal infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22(10):889-894.
Chang L-Y, Huang L-M, Gau SS-F, et al. Neurodevelopment and cognition in children after enterovirus 71 infection. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007;356(12):1226-1234.
Huynh J. Improving The Diagnosis And Prognosis Of Tuberculous Meningitis In Children. The Open University 2024.
Daniel BD, Grace GA, Natrajan M. Tuberculous meningitis in children: Clinical management & outcome. Indian J Med Res. 2019;150(2):117-130.
Thee S, Basu Roy R, Blázquez-Gamero D, et al. Treatment and Outcome in Children With Tuberculous Meningitis: A Multicenter Pediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;75(3):372-381.
Huynh J, Abo YN, du Preez K, et al. Tuberculous Meningitis in Children: Reducing the Burden of Death and Disability. Pathogens. 2021;11(1).
Saal CL, Springer P, Seddon JA, et al. Risk factors of poor developmental outcome in children with tuberculous meningitis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2023;39(4):1029-1039.
Ramzan A, Nayil K, Asimi R, et al. Childhood tubercular meningitis: an institutional experience and analysis of predictors of outcome. Pediatr Neurol. 2013;48(1):30-35.
Farinha NJ, Razali KA, Holzel H, et al. Tuberculosis of the central nervous system in children: a 20-year survey. J Infect. 2000;41(1):61-68.
Dyckhoff-Shen S, Bewersdorf JP, Teske NC, et al. Characterization and diagnosis spectrum of patients with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Infection. 2024;52(1):219-229.
Langenbruch L, Wiendl H, Groß C, et al. Diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in seizures and epilepsy with and without autoimmune-associated disease. Seizure. 2021;91:233-243.
Shukla R, Kalita J, Haldar R, et al. Blood-CSF-barrier permeability in tuberculous meningitis and its association with clinical, MRI and inflammatory cytokines. J Neuroimmunol. 2022;372:577954.
Dian S, Ganiem AR, Te Brake LH, et al. Current Insights into Diagnosing and Treating Neurotuberculosis in Adults. CNS Drugs. 2023;37(11):957-972.
Jones NT, Abadie R, Keller CL, et al. Treatment and Toxicity Considerations in Tuberculosis: A Narrative Review. Cureus. 2024;16(6):e62698.
Wang W, Gao J, Liu J, et al. Clinical Efficacy of Dexamethasone in the Treatment of Patients with Tuberculous Meningitis: A Meta-Analysis. Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2022;2022:2180374.
Nachman S, Ahmed A, Amanullah F, et al. Towards early inclusion of children in tuberculosis drugs trials: a consensus statement. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(6):711-720.
Duong MT, Rudie JD, Mohan S. Neuroimaging Patterns of Intracranial Infections: Meningitis, Cerebritis, and Their Complications. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2023;33(1):11-41.
Tyler KL. Acute Viral Encephalitis. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(6):557-566.
Kim A, Kim M, Baek JY, et al. Aetiology and Prognosis of Encephalitis in Korean Children: A Retrospective Single-Centre Study, 2005-2020. Yonsei Med J. 2024;65(2):78-88.
Alam AM, Easton A, Nicholson TR, et al. Encephalitis: diagnosis, management and recent advances in the field of encephalitides. Postgrad Med J. 2023.
Bloch KC, Glaser C, Gaston D, et al. State of the Art: Acute Encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(5):e14-e33.
Sun X, Zhao J, Guo C, et al. Early Prediction of Epilepsy after Encephalitis in Childhood Based on EEG and Clinical Features. Emerg Med Int. 2023;2023:8862598.
Dwibedi B, Satapathy AK, Jain A, et al. Prevalence & clinical outcome of autoimmune encephalitis versus viral encephalitis in children with acute encephalitis syndrome: A prospective observational study. Indian J Med Res. 2024;160(2):217-225.
Quist-Paulsen E, Kran AB, Lindland ES, et al. To what extent can clinical characteristics be used to distinguish encephalitis from encephalopathy of other causes? Results from a prospective observational study. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):80.
Mizuguchi M, Ichiyama T, Imataka G, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute encephalopathy in childhood. Brain Dev. 2021;43(1):2-31.
Imataka G, Kuwashima S, Yoshihara S. A Comprehensive Review of Pediatric Acute Encephalopathy. J Clin Med. 2022;11(19).
Chaudhuri A, Kennedy PG. Diagnosis and treatment of viral encephalitis. Postgrad Med J. 2002;78(924):575-583.
Kneen R, Michael BD, Menson E, et al. Management of suspected viral encephalitis in children - Association of British Neurologists and British Paediatric Allergy, Immunology and Infection Group national guidelines. J Infect. 2012;64(5):449-477.
Li S, Nguyen IP, Urbanczyk K. Common infectious diseases of the central nervous system-clinical features and imaging characteristics. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2020;10(12):2227-2259.
Giovane RA, Lavender PD. Central Nervous System Infections. Prim Care. 2018;45(3):505-518.
Baldwin KJ, Cummings CL. Herpesvirus Infections of the Nervous System. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2018;24(5, Neuroinfectious Disease):1349-1369.
Venkatesan A. Encephalitis and Brain Abscess. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2021;27(4):855-886.
Chow F. Brain and Spinal Epidural Abscess. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2018;24(5, Neuroinfectious Disease):1327-1348.
LaPenna PA, Roos KL. Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System. Semin Neurol. 2019;39(3):334-342.
Brouwer MC, Coutinho JM, van de Beek D. Clinical characteristics and outcome of brain abscess: systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2014;82(9):806-813.
Felsenstein S, Williams B, Shingadia D, et al. Clinical and microbiologic features guiding treatment recommendations for brain abscesses in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(2):129-135.
Sheehan JP, Jane JA, Ray DK, et al. Brain abscess in children. Neurosurg Focus. 2008;24(6):E6.
Arlotti M, Grossi P, Pea F, et al. Consensus document on controversial issues for the treatment of infections of the central nervous system: bacterial brain abscesses. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14 Suppl 4:S79-92.
Sonneville R, Ruimy R, Benzonana N, et al. An update on bacterial brain abscess in immunocompetent patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017;23(9):614-620.
Bodilsen J, Dalager-Pedersen M, Nielsen H. Long-term Mortality and Risk of Epilepsy in Children and Young Adults With Brain Abscess. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(10):877-882.
Referanslar
Zainel A, Mitchell H, Sadarangani M. Bacterial Meningitis in Children: Neurological Complications, Associated Risk Factors, and Prevention. Microorganisms. 2021;9(3).
Güneş A, Konca Ç, Aktar F, et al. Meningitis in children: evaluation of 197 patients. 2015.
Soylar M, Altuğlu İ, Sertöz R, et al. Ege Üniversitesi Hastanesi'ne başvuran santral sinir sistemi enfeksiyonu olgularında saptanan viral etkenler. Ege Tıp Dergisi. 2014;53(2):65-70.
Trujillo-Gómez J, Navarro CE, Atehortúa-Muñoz S, et al. Acute infections of the central nervous system in children and adults: diagnosis and management. Minerva Med. 2024;115(4):476-502.
Kastrup O, Wanke I, Maschke M. Neuroimaging of infections of the central nervous system. Semin Neurol. 2008;28(4):511-522.
Rudolph H, Schroten H, Tenenbaum T. Enterovirus Infections of the Central Nervous System in Children: An Update. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016;35(5):567-569.
Autore G, Bernardi L, Perrone S, et al. Update on Viral Infections Involving the Central Nervous System in Pediatric Patients. Children (Basel). 2021;8(9).
Pahud BA, Glaser CA, Dekker CL, et al. Varicella zoster disease of the central nervous system: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory features 10 years after the introduction of the varicella vaccine. J Infect Dis. 2011;203(3):316-323.
LaRovere KL, Riggs BJ, Poussaint TY, et al. Neurologic Involvement in Children and Adolescents Hospitalized in the United States for COVID-19 or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78(5):536-547.
Panda PK, Sharawat IK, Panda P, et al. Neurological Complications of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Trop Pediatr. 2021;67(3).
Lindan CE, Mankad K, Ram D, et al. Neuroimaging manifestations in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multinational, multicentre collaborative study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021;5(3):167-177.
Simon DW, Schober ME. Acute central and peripheral nervous system injury associated with coronavirus disease 2019: recognition and treatment strategies. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2021;33(6):591-596.
Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(12):1061-1082.
Shieh HH, Ragazzi SL, Gilio AE. Risk factors for neurological complications and sequelae in childhood acute bacterial meningitis. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2012;88(2):184-185; author reply 185-186.
Yogev R, Guzman-Cottrill J. Bacterial meningitis in children: critical review of current concepts. Drugs. 2005;65(8):1097-1112.
Pelkonen T, Roine I, Monteiro L, et al. Risk factors for death and severe neurological sequelae in childhood bacterial meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(8):1107-1110.
Softić I, Tahirović H, Hasanhodžić M. Neonatal bacterial meningitis: Results from a cross-sectional hospital based study. Acta Med Acad. 2015;44(2):117-123.
McIntyre PB, O'Brien KL, Greenwood B, et al. Effect of vaccines on bacterial meningitis worldwide. Lancet. 2012;380(9854):1703-1711.
van de Beek D, Cabellos C, Dzupova O, et al. ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clinical microbiology and infection. 2016;22:S37-S62.
van de Beek D, de Gans J, Spanjaard L, et al. Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(18):1849-1859.
Suthar R, Sankhyan N. Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System. Indian J Pediatr. 2019;86(1):60-69.
van de Beek D, Brouwer MC, Thwaites GE, et al. Advances in treatment of bacterial meningitis. Lancet. 2012;380(9854):1693-1702.
Attia J, Hatala R, Cook DJ, et al. The rational clinical examination. Does this adult patient have acute meningitis? Jama. 1999;282(2):175-181.
Waghdhare S, Kalantri A, Joshi R, et al. Accuracy of physical signs for detecting meningitis: a hospital-based diagnostic accuracy study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2010;112(9):752-757.
Brouwer MC, Thwaites GE, Tunkel AR, et al. Dilemmas in the diagnosis of acute community-acquired bacterial meningitis. Lancet. 2012;380(9854):1684-1692.
Hoen B, Varon E, de Debroucker T, et al. Management of acute community-acquired bacterial meningitis (excluding newborns). Long version with arguments. Med Mal Infect. 2019;49(6):405-441.
van de Beek D, Brouwer MC, Koedel U, et al. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis. Lancet. 2021;398(10306):1171-1183.
Brouwer MC, Tunkel AR, van de Beek D. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and antimicrobial treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010;23(3):467-492.
Lin WL, Chi H, Huang FY, et al. Analysis of clinical outcomes in pediatric bacterial meningitis focusing on patients without cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2016;49(5):723-728.
van Soest TM, Chekrouni N, van Sorge NM, et al. Bacterial meningitis presenting with a normal cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte count. J Infect. 2022;84(5):615-620.
Troendle M, Pettigrew A. A systematic review of cases of meningitis in the absence of cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis on lumbar puncture. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):692.
Straus SE, Thorpe KE, Holroyd-Leduc J. How do I perform a lumbar puncture and analyze the results to diagnose bacterial meningitis? Jama. 2006;296(16):2012-2022.
Hasbun R. Progress and Challenges in Bacterial Meningitis: A Review. Jama. 2022;328(21):2147-2154.
Someko H, Okazaki Y, Tsujimoto Y, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of rapid antigen tests in cerebrospinal fluid for pneumococcal meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2023;29(3):310-319.
Shahan B, Choi EY, Nieves G. Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis. Am Fam Physician. 2021;103(7):422-428.
Nhantumbo AA, Cantarelli VV, Caireão J, et al. Frequency of Pathogenic Paediatric Bacterial Meningitis in Mozambique: The Critical Role of Multiplex Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction to Estimate the Burden of Disease. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138249.
Nigrovic LE, Kuppermann N, Malley R. Children with bacterial meningitis presenting to the emergency department during the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15(6):522-528.
Klein M, Abdel-Hadi C, Bühler R, et al. German guidelines on community-acquired acute bacterial meningitis in adults. Neurol Res Pract. 2023;5(1):44.
Proulx N, Fréchette D, Toye B, et al. Delays in the administration of antibiotics are associated with mortality from adult acute bacterial meningitis. Qjm. 2005;98(4):291-298.
Weinberg GA, Thompson-Stone R. Bacterial Infections of the Nervous System. Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology: Elsevier 2017:883-894.
Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clinical infectious diseases. 2004;39(9):1267-1284.
Alamarat Z, Hasbun R. Management of Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Children. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:4077-4089.
Brouwer MC, McIntyre P, Prasad K, et al. Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(9):Cd004405.
Pediatrics AAo. Haemophilus influenzae infections. Red book: 2003 report of the committee on infectious diseases. 2003.
Swanson D. Meningitis. Pediatr Rev. 2015;36(12):514-524; quiz 525-516.
Bodilsen J, Dalager-Pedersen M, Schønheyder HC, et al. Time to antibiotic therapy and outcome in bacterial meningitis: a Danish population-based cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:392.
Edmond K, Dieye Y, Griffiths UK, et al. Prospective cohort study of disabling sequelae and quality of life in children with bacterial meningitis in urban Senegal. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29(11):1023-1029.
Gaschignard J, Levy C, Romain O, et al. Neonatal Bacterial Meningitis: 444 Cases in 7 Years. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30(3):212-217.
Kavuncuoğlu S, Gürsoy S, Türel Ö, et al. Neonatal bacterial meningitis in Turkey: epidemiology, risk factors, and prognosis. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2013;7(2):73-81.
Bodilsen J, Schønheyder HC, Nielsen H. Hydrocephalus is a rare outcome in community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults: a retrospective analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:321.
Jim KK, Brouwer MC, van der Ende A, et al. Subdural empyema in bacterial meningitis. Neurology. 2012;79(21):2133-2139.
Bodilsen J, Dalager-Pedersen M, Schønheyder HC, et al. Stroke in community-acquired bacterial meningitis: a Danish population-based study. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;20:18-22.
Mteshana P. Use of the PCR technique to diagnose meningitis in children admitted to Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital. 2019.
Logan SA, MacMahon E. Viral meningitis. Bmj. 2008;336(7634):36-40.
Al-Qahtani SM, Shati AA, Alqahtani YA, et al. Etiology, Clinical Phenotypes, Epidemiological Correlates, Laboratory Biomarkers and Diagnostic Challenges of Pediatric Viral Meningitis: Descriptive Review. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:923125.
Kumar R. Aseptic meningitis: diagnosis and management. Indian J Pediatr. 2005;72(1):57-63.
Desmond RA, Accortt NA, Talley L, et al. Enteroviral meningitis: natural history and outcome of pleconaril therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50(7):2409-2414.
McGill F, Griffiths MJ, Bonnett LJ, et al. Incidence, aetiology, and sequelae of viral meningitis in UK adults: a multicentre prospective observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(9):992-1003.
Hviid A, Melbye M. The epidemiology of viral meningitis hospitalization in childhood. Epidemiology. 2007;18(6):695-701.
Mehndiratta M, Nayak R, Garg H, et al. Appraisal of Kernig's and Brudzinski's sign in meningitis. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2012;15(4):287-288.
Parikh V, Tucci V, Galwankar S. Infections of the nervous system. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2012;2(2):82-97.
Verstrepen WA, Kuhn S, Kockx MM, et al. Rapid detection of enterovirus RNA in cerebrospinal fluid specimens with a novel single-tube real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39(11):4093-4096.
de Crom SC, Obihara CC, de Moor RA, et al. Prospective comparison of the detection rates of human enterovirus and parechovirus RT-qPCR and viral culture in different pediatric specimens. J Clin Virol. 2013;58(2):449-454.
Kupila L, Vuorinen T, Vainionpäā R, et al. Diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis by use of polymerase chain reaction of cerebrospinal fluid, stool, and serum specimens. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(7):982-987.
Carbo EC, Blankenspoor I, Goeman JJ, et al. Viral metagenomic sequencing in the diagnosis of meningoencephalitis: a review of technical advances and diagnostic yield. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2021;21(11):1139-1146.
Petersen PT, Bodilsen J, Jepsen MPG, et al. Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with viral meningitis. Brain. 2023;146(9):3816-3825.
Crawford JR. Advances in pediatric neurovirology. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2010;10(2):147-154.
Kaewpoowat Q, Salazar L, Aguilera E, et al. Herpes simplex and varicella zoster CNS infections: clinical presentations, treatments and outcomes. Infection. 2016;44:337-345.
Steiner I, Budka H, Chaudhuri A, et al. Viral meningoencephalitis: a review of diagnostic methods and guidelines for management. European Journal of Neurology. 2010;17(8):999-e957.
Braccio S, Kapetanstrataki M, Sharland M, et al. Intensive care admissions for children with Enterovirus and human Parechovirus infections in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, 2010–2014. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2017;36(3):339-342.
Lin TY, Kao HT, Hsieh SH, et al. Neonatal enterovirus infections: emphasis on risk factors of severe and fatal infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22(10):889-894.
Chang L-Y, Huang L-M, Gau SS-F, et al. Neurodevelopment and cognition in children after enterovirus 71 infection. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007;356(12):1226-1234.
Huynh J. Improving The Diagnosis And Prognosis Of Tuberculous Meningitis In Children. The Open University 2024.
Daniel BD, Grace GA, Natrajan M. Tuberculous meningitis in children: Clinical management & outcome. Indian J Med Res. 2019;150(2):117-130.
Thee S, Basu Roy R, Blázquez-Gamero D, et al. Treatment and Outcome in Children With Tuberculous Meningitis: A Multicenter Pediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;75(3):372-381.
Huynh J, Abo YN, du Preez K, et al. Tuberculous Meningitis in Children: Reducing the Burden of Death and Disability. Pathogens. 2021;11(1).
Saal CL, Springer P, Seddon JA, et al. Risk factors of poor developmental outcome in children with tuberculous meningitis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2023;39(4):1029-1039.
Ramzan A, Nayil K, Asimi R, et al. Childhood tubercular meningitis: an institutional experience and analysis of predictors of outcome. Pediatr Neurol. 2013;48(1):30-35.
Farinha NJ, Razali KA, Holzel H, et al. Tuberculosis of the central nervous system in children: a 20-year survey. J Infect. 2000;41(1):61-68.
Dyckhoff-Shen S, Bewersdorf JP, Teske NC, et al. Characterization and diagnosis spectrum of patients with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Infection. 2024;52(1):219-229.
Langenbruch L, Wiendl H, Groß C, et al. Diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in seizures and epilepsy with and without autoimmune-associated disease. Seizure. 2021;91:233-243.
Shukla R, Kalita J, Haldar R, et al. Blood-CSF-barrier permeability in tuberculous meningitis and its association with clinical, MRI and inflammatory cytokines. J Neuroimmunol. 2022;372:577954.
Dian S, Ganiem AR, Te Brake LH, et al. Current Insights into Diagnosing and Treating Neurotuberculosis in Adults. CNS Drugs. 2023;37(11):957-972.
Jones NT, Abadie R, Keller CL, et al. Treatment and Toxicity Considerations in Tuberculosis: A Narrative Review. Cureus. 2024;16(6):e62698.
Wang W, Gao J, Liu J, et al. Clinical Efficacy of Dexamethasone in the Treatment of Patients with Tuberculous Meningitis: A Meta-Analysis. Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2022;2022:2180374.
Nachman S, Ahmed A, Amanullah F, et al. Towards early inclusion of children in tuberculosis drugs trials: a consensus statement. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(6):711-720.
Duong MT, Rudie JD, Mohan S. Neuroimaging Patterns of Intracranial Infections: Meningitis, Cerebritis, and Their Complications. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2023;33(1):11-41.
Tyler KL. Acute Viral Encephalitis. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(6):557-566.
Kim A, Kim M, Baek JY, et al. Aetiology and Prognosis of Encephalitis in Korean Children: A Retrospective Single-Centre Study, 2005-2020. Yonsei Med J. 2024;65(2):78-88.
Alam AM, Easton A, Nicholson TR, et al. Encephalitis: diagnosis, management and recent advances in the field of encephalitides. Postgrad Med J. 2023.
Bloch KC, Glaser C, Gaston D, et al. State of the Art: Acute Encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(5):e14-e33.
Sun X, Zhao J, Guo C, et al. Early Prediction of Epilepsy after Encephalitis in Childhood Based on EEG and Clinical Features. Emerg Med Int. 2023;2023:8862598.
Dwibedi B, Satapathy AK, Jain A, et al. Prevalence & clinical outcome of autoimmune encephalitis versus viral encephalitis in children with acute encephalitis syndrome: A prospective observational study. Indian J Med Res. 2024;160(2):217-225.
Quist-Paulsen E, Kran AB, Lindland ES, et al. To what extent can clinical characteristics be used to distinguish encephalitis from encephalopathy of other causes? Results from a prospective observational study. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):80.
Mizuguchi M, Ichiyama T, Imataka G, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute encephalopathy in childhood. Brain Dev. 2021;43(1):2-31.
Imataka G, Kuwashima S, Yoshihara S. A Comprehensive Review of Pediatric Acute Encephalopathy. J Clin Med. 2022;11(19).
Chaudhuri A, Kennedy PG. Diagnosis and treatment of viral encephalitis. Postgrad Med J. 2002;78(924):575-583.
Kneen R, Michael BD, Menson E, et al. Management of suspected viral encephalitis in children - Association of British Neurologists and British Paediatric Allergy, Immunology and Infection Group national guidelines. J Infect. 2012;64(5):449-477.
Li S, Nguyen IP, Urbanczyk K. Common infectious diseases of the central nervous system-clinical features and imaging characteristics. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2020;10(12):2227-2259.
Giovane RA, Lavender PD. Central Nervous System Infections. Prim Care. 2018;45(3):505-518.
Baldwin KJ, Cummings CL. Herpesvirus Infections of the Nervous System. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2018;24(5, Neuroinfectious Disease):1349-1369.
Venkatesan A. Encephalitis and Brain Abscess. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2021;27(4):855-886.
Chow F. Brain and Spinal Epidural Abscess. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2018;24(5, Neuroinfectious Disease):1327-1348.
LaPenna PA, Roos KL. Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System. Semin Neurol. 2019;39(3):334-342.
Brouwer MC, Coutinho JM, van de Beek D. Clinical characteristics and outcome of brain abscess: systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2014;82(9):806-813.
Felsenstein S, Williams B, Shingadia D, et al. Clinical and microbiologic features guiding treatment recommendations for brain abscesses in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(2):129-135.
Sheehan JP, Jane JA, Ray DK, et al. Brain abscess in children. Neurosurg Focus. 2008;24(6):E6.
Arlotti M, Grossi P, Pea F, et al. Consensus document on controversial issues for the treatment of infections of the central nervous system: bacterial brain abscesses. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14 Suppl 4:S79-92.
Sonneville R, Ruimy R, Benzonana N, et al. An update on bacterial brain abscess in immunocompetent patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017;23(9):614-620.
Bodilsen J, Dalager-Pedersen M, Nielsen H. Long-term Mortality and Risk of Epilepsy in Children and Young Adults With Brain Abscess. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(10):877-882.
