Çocukluk Çağında Konvülzif Status Epileptikusun Tedavisi ve Prognozu

Özet

Referanslar

Trinka E, Cock H, Hesdorffer D, Rossetti AO, Scheffer IE, Shinnar S, et al. A definition and classification of status epilepticus--Report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];56:1515–23. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26336950/

Shinnar S, Berg AT, Moshe SL, Shinnar R. How long do new-onset seizures in children last? Ann Neurol [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2025 Feb 8];49:659–64. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ana.1018

Trinka E, Leitinger M. Management of Status Epilepticus, Refractory Status Epilepticus, and Super-refractory Status Epilepticus. Continuum (Minneap Minn) [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Feb 8];28:559–602. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35393970/

Trinka E, Kälviäinen R. 25 years of advances in the definition, classification and treatment of status epilepticus. Seizure [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2025 Feb 8];44:65–73. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27890484/

Smith DM, McGinnis EJ, Walleigh DJ, Abend NS. Management of Status Epilepticus in Children. J Clin Med [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27089373/

Abend NS, Loddenkemper T. Management of pediatric status epilepticus. Curr Treat Options Neurol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2025 Feb 8];16. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24909106/

Becker LL, Gratopp A, Prager C, Elger CE, Kaindl AM. Treatment of pediatric convulsive status epilepticus. Front Neurol [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Feb 8];14. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37456627/

Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D, Alldredge B, Arya R, Bainbridge J, et al. Evidence-Based Guideline: Treatment of Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children and Adults: Report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Curr [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];16:48–61. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26900382/

Abend NS, Bearden D, Helbig I, McGuire J, Narula S, Panzer JA, et al. Status epilepticus and refractory status epilepticus management. Semin Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2025 Feb 8];21:263–74. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25727508/

Singh A, Stredny CM, Loddenkemper T. Pharmacotherapy for Pediatric Convulsive Status Epilepticus. CNS Drugs [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Feb 8];34:47–63. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31879852/

Scott LJ, Lyseng-Williamson KA, Garnock-Jones KP. Oromucosal midazolam: a guide to its use in paediatric patients with prolonged acute convulsive seizures. CNS Drugs [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2025 Feb 8];26:893–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22928704/

Chin RF, Neville BG, Peckham C, Wade A, Bedford H, Scott RC. Treatment of community-onset, childhood convulsive status epilepticus: a prospective, population-based study. Lancet Neurol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2025 Feb 8];7:696–703. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18602345/

Silbergleit R, Durkalski V, Lowenstein D, Conwit R, Pancioli A, Palesch Y, et al. Intramuscular versus intravenous therapy for prehospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2025 Feb 8];366:591–600. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22335736/

Brigo F, Nardone R, Tezzon F, Trinka E. Nonintravenous midazolam versus intravenous or rectal diazepam for the treatment of early status epilepticus: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];49:325–36. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25817929/

Zhao ZY, Wang HY, Wen B, Yang ZB, Feng K, Fan JC. A Comparison of Midazolam, Lorazepam, and Diazepam for the Treatment of Status Epilepticus in Children: A Network Meta-analysis. J Child Neurol [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];31:1093–107. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27021145/

Chamberlain JM, Okada P, Holsti M, Mahajan P, Brown KM, Vance C, et al. Lorazepam vs diazepam for pediatric status epilepticus: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2025 Feb 8];311:1652–60. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24756515/

Brigo F, Bragazzi NL, Bacigaluppi S, Nardone R, Trinka E. Is intravenous lorazepam really more effective and safe than intravenous diazepam as first-line treatment for convulsive status epilepticus? A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Epilepsy Behav [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];64:29–36. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27732915/

McIntyre J, Robertson S, Norris E, Appleton R, Whitehouse WP, Phillips B, et al. Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2025 Feb 8];366:205–10. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16023510/

KAVITA SRIVASTAVA, SHIRISH BHARTIYA, VRUSHABH GAVLI, RAHUL PATIL, SUREKHA RAJADHYAKSHA. Efficacy, Tolerability and Serum Phenytoin Levels after Intravenous Fosphenytoin Loading Dose in Children with Status Epilepticus. Indian Pediatr. 2019;218–21.

Mctague A, Martland T, Appleton R. Drug management for acute tonic-clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2025 Feb 8];1. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29320603/

Appleton R, Choonara I, Martland T, Phillips B, Scott R, Whitehouse W. The treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children. The Status Epilepticus Working Party, Members of the Status Epilepticus Working Party. Arch Dis Child [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2025 Feb 9];83:415–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11040151/

Hellström-Westas L, Boylan G, Ågren J. Systematic review of neonatal seizure management strategies provides guidance on anti-epileptic treatment. Acta Paediatr [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];104:123–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25251733/

Misra UK, Kalita J, Patel R. Sodium valproate vs phenytoin in status epilepticus: a pilot study. Neurology [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2025 Feb 8];67:340–2. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16864836/

Agarwal P, Kumar N, Chandra R, Gupta G, Antony AR, Garg N. Randomized study of intravenous valproate and phenytoin in status epilepticus. Seizure [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2025 Feb 8];16:527–32. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17616473/

Malamiri RA, Ghaempanah M, Khosroshahi N, Nikkhah A, Bavarian B, Ashrafi MR. Efficacy and safety of intravenous sodium valproate versus phenobarbital in controlling convulsive status epilepticus and acute prolonged convulsive seizures in children: a randomised trial. Eur J Paediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2025 Feb 8];16:536–41. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22326977/

Chamberlain JM, Kapur J, Shinnar S, Elm J, Holsti M, Babcock L, et al. Efficacy of levetiracetam, fosphenytoin, and valproate for established status epilepticus by age group (ESETT): a double-blind, responsive-adaptive, randomised controlled trial. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Feb 8];395:1217–24. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32203691/

İşgüder R, Güzel O, Ceylan G, Yllmaz Ü, Aǧın H. A Comparison of Intravenous Levetiracetam and Valproate for the Treatment of Refractory Status Epilepticus in Children. J Child Neurol [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];31:1120–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27080042/

Dalziel SR, Borland ML, Furyk J, Bonisch M, Neutze J, Donath S, et al. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children (ConSEPT): an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2025 Feb 8];393:2135–45. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31005386/

Noureen N, Khan S, Khursheed A, Iqbal I, Maryam M, Sharib SM, et al. Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Injectable Levetiracetam Versus Phenytoin as Second-Line Therapy in the Management of Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children: An Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Neurol [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2025 Feb 8];15:468–72. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31591834/

Perry MS, Holt PJ, Sladky JT. Topiramate loading for refractory status epilepticus in children. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2025 Feb 8];47:1070–1. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16822255/

Kahriman M, Minecan D, Kutluay E, Selwa L, Beydoun A. Efficacy of topiramate in children with refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2025 Feb 8];44:1353–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14510830/

Zeiler FA, Zeiler KJ, Teitelbaum J, Gillman LM, West M, Kazina CJ. Lidocaine for Status Epilepticus in Pediatrics. Can J Neurol Sci [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];42:414–26. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26303341/

Chiriboga N, Spentzas T, Abu-Sawwa R. A systematic review and meta-analysis of ketamine in pediatric status epilepticus. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Feb 8];65:2200–12. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38881333/

Rosati A, Ilvento L, L’Erario M, Masi S De, Biggeri A, Fabbro G, et al. Efficacy of ketamine in refractory convulsive status epilepticus in children: a protocol for a sequential design, multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label, non-profit trial (KETASER01). BMJ Open [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27311915/

Strzelczyk A, Zöllner JP, Willems LM, Jost J, Paule E, Schubert-Bast S, et al. Lacosamide in status epilepticus: Systematic review of current evidence. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2025 Feb 8];58:933–50. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28295226/

Poddar K, Sharma R, Ng YT. Intravenous Lacosamide in Pediatric Status Epilepticus: An Open-Label Efficacy and Safety Study. Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];61:83–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27241232/

Arkilo D, Gustafson M, Ritter FJ. Clinical experience of intravenous lacosamide in infants and young children. Eur J Paediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];20:212–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26810009/

Lang N, Lange M, Schmitt FC, Bös M, Weber Y, Evers S, et al. Intravenous lacosamide in clinical practice-Results from an independent registry. Seizure [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];39:5–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27161669/

Tasker RC, Goodkin HP, Sánchez Fernández I, Chapman KE, Abend NS, Arya R, et al. Refractory Status Epilepticus in Children: Intention to Treat With Continuous Infusions of Midazolam and Pentobarbital. Pediatr Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];17:968–75. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27500721/

Vasquez A, Farias-Moeller R, Tatum W. Pediatric refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus. Seizure [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2025 Feb 8];68:62–71. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29941225/

Van Gestel JPJ, Blussé Van Oud-Alblas HJ, Malingré M, Ververs FFT, Braun KPJ, Van Nieuwenhuizen O. Propofol and thiopental for refractory status epilepticus in children. Neurology [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2025 Feb 8];65:591–2. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16116121/

Hemphill S, McMenamin L, Bellamy MC, Hopkins PM. Propofol infusion syndrome: a structured literature review and analysis of published case reports. Br J Anaesth [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2025 Feb 8];122:448–59. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30857601/

Zeiler FA, Zeiler KJ, Teitelbaum J, Gillman LM, West M. Modern inhalational anesthetics for refractory status epilepticus. Can J Neurol Sci [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];42:106–15. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25572922/

Singhi S, Murthy A, Singhi P, Jayashree M. Continuous midazolam versus diazepam infusion for refractory convulsive status epilepticus. J Child Neurol [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2025 Feb 8];17:106–10. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11952069/

Lee WK, Liu KT, Young BWY. Very-high-dose phenobarbital for childhood refractory status epilepticus. Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2025 Feb 8];34:63–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16376283/

Crawford TO, Mitchell WG, Fishman LS, Robert Snodgrass S. Very-high-dose phenobarbital for refractory status epilepticus in children. Neurology [Internet]. 1988 [cited 2025 Feb 8];38:1035–40. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3386819/

Shaner DM, McCurdy SA, Herring MO, Gabor AJ. Treatment of status epilepticus: a prospective comparison of diazepam and phenytoin versus phenobarbital and optional phenytoin. Neurology [Internet]. 1988 [cited 2025 Feb 8];38:202–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3277082/

O’Connor SE, Richardson C, Trescher WH, Byler DL, Sather JD, Michael EH, et al. The ketogenic diet for the treatment of pediatric status epilepticus. Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2025 Feb 8];50:101–3. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24287234/

Appavu B, Vanatta L, Condie J, Kerrigan JF, Jarrar R. Ketogenic diet treatment for pediatric super-refractory status epilepticus. Seizure [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];41:62–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27475280/

Sort R, Born AP, Pedersen KN, Fonsmark L, Uldall P. Ketogenic diet in 3 cases of childhood refractory status epilepticus. Eur J Paediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2025 Feb 8];17:531–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23751291/

Fung LWE. Re: the ketogenic diet for the treatment of pediatric status epilepticus. Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2025 Feb 8];51. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25079586/

Chiusolo F, Diamanti A, Bianchi R, Fusco L, Elia M, Capriati T, et al. From intravenous to enteral ketogenic diet in PICU: A potential treatment strategy for refractory status epilepticus. Eur J Paediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];20:843–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27594068/

Farias-Moeller R, Bartolini L, Pasupuleti A, Brittany Cines RD, Kao A, Carpenter JL. A Practical Approach to Ketogenic Diet in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit for Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus. Neurocrit Care [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2025 Feb 8];26:267–72. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27553113/

Nabbout R, Mazzuca M, Hubert P, Peudennier S, Allaire C, Flurin V, et al. Efficacy of ketogenic diet in severe refractory status epilepticus initiating fever induced refractory epileptic encephalopathy in school age children (FIRES). Epilepsia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2025 Feb 8];51:2033–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20813015/

Lin JJ, Lin KL, Chan OW, Hsia SH, Wang HS. Intravenous ketogenic diet therapy for treatment of the acute stage of super-refractory status epilepticus in a pediatric patient. Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];52:442–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25771999/

Cobo NH, Sankar R, Murata KK, Sewak SL, Kezele MA, Matsumoto JH. The ketogenic diet as broad-spectrum treatment for super-refractory pediatric status epilepticus: challenges in implementation in the pediatric and neonatal intensive care units. J Child Neurol [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];30:259–66. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24464515/

Zeiler FA, Matuszczak M, Teitelbaum J, Kazina CJ, Gillman LM. Plasmapheresis for refractory status epilepticus Part II: A scoping systematic review of the pediatric literature. Seizure [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];43:61–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27888743/

Kramer U, Shorer Z, Ben-Zeev B, Lerman-Sagie T, Goldberg-Stern H, Lahat E. Severe refractory status epilepticus owing to presumed encephalitis. J Child Neurol [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2025 Feb 8];20:184–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15832606/

Toledano M, Britton JW, McKeon A, Shin C, Lennon VA, Quek AML, et al. Utility of an immunotherapy trial in evaluating patients with presumed autoimmune epilepsy. Neurology [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2025 Feb 8];82:1578–86. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24706013/

Mikaeloff Y, Jambaqué I, Hertz-Pannier L, Zamfirescu A, Adamsbaum C, Plouin P, et al. Devastating epileptic encephalopathy in school-aged children (DESC): a pseudo encephalitis. Epilepsy Res [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2025 Feb 8];69:67–79. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16469483/

Baxter P, Clarke A, Cross H, Harding B, Hicks E, Livingston J, et al. Idiopathic catastrophic epileptic encephalopathy presenting with acute onset intractable status. Seizure [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2025 Feb 8];12:379–87. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12915084/

Zeiler FA, Zeiler KJ, Teitelbaum J, Gillman LM, West M. Therapeutic Hypothermia for Refractory Status Epilepticus. Can J Neurol Sci [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];42:221–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26153039/

Buttram SDW, Au AK, Koch J, Lidsky K, McBain K, O’Brien N, et al. Feasibility Study Evaluating Therapeutic Hypothermia for Refractory Status Epilepticus in Children. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];5:198–202. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26562493/

Zeiler FA, Matuszczak M, Teitelbaum J, Gillman LM, Kazina CJ. Electroconvulsive therapy for refractory status epilepticus: A systematic review. Seizure [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];35:23–32. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26789495/

Griesemer DA, Kellner CH, Beale MD, Smith GM. Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment of intractable seizures. Initial findings in two children. Neurology [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2025 Feb 8];49:1389–92. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9371927/

Veiga AM, Moreno DC, Menéndez IG, Siscart IM, Del Olmo Fernández M, Sánchez EG, et al. Effectiveness of Electroconvulsive Therapy for Refractory Status Epilepticus in Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome. Neuropediatrics [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2025 Feb 8];48:45–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27434885/

Shin HW, O’Donovan CA, Boggs JG, Grefe A, Harper A, Bell WL, et al. Successful ECT treatment for medically refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus in pediatric patient. Seizure [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2025 Feb 8];20:433–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21333551/

Ma X, Liporace J, O’Connor MJ, Sperling MR. Neurosurgical treatment of medically intractable status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2025 Feb 8];46:33–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11395286/

Vendrame M, Loddenkemper T. Surgical treatment of refractory status epilepticus in children: candidate selection and outcome. Semin Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2025 Feb 8];17:182–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20727488/

Irwin K, Birch V, Lees J, Polkey C, Alarcon G, Binnie C, et al. Multiple subpial transection in Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2025 Feb 8];43:248. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11305402/

Morrell F, Whisler WW, Smith MC, Hoeppner TJ, Toledo-morrell L De, Pierre-louis SJC, et al. Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Treatment with subpial intracortical transection. Brain [Internet]. 1995 [cited 2025 Feb 8];118 ( Pt 6):1529–46. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8595482/

Winston KR, Levisohn P, Miller BR, Freeman J. Vagal nerve stimulation for status epilepticus. Pediatr Neurosurg [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2025 Feb 8];34:190–2. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11359111/

Carosella CM, Greiner HM, Byars AW, Arthur TM, Leach JL, Turner M, et al. Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Electrographic Status Epilepticus in Slow-Wave Sleep. Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];60:66–70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27068060/

Komur M, Arslankoylu AE, Okuyaz C, Keceli M, Derici D. Management of patients with status epilepticus treated at a pediatric intensive care unit in Turkey. Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2025 Feb 8];46:382–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22633634/

Barzegar M, Mahdavi M, Galegolab Behbehani A, Tabrizi A. Refractory Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children: Etiology, Associated Risk Factors and Outcome. Iran J Child Neurol Autumn. 2015;9:24–31.

Gilbert DL, Gartside PS, Glauser TA. Efficacy and mortality in treatment of refractory generalized convulsive status epilepticus in children: a meta-analysis. J Child Neurol [Internet]. 1999 [cited 2025 Feb 8];14:602–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10488906/

Sahin M, Menache CC, Holmes GL, Riviello JJ. Outcome of severe refractory status epilepticus in children. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2025 Feb 8];42:1461–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11879350/

Greiner HM, Holland K, Leach JL, Horn PS, Hershey AD, Rose DF. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus: the encephalopathic pediatric patient. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2025 Feb 8];129. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22331332/

Narayanan JT, Murthy JMK. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus in a neurological intensive care unit: profile in a developing country. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2025 Feb 8];48:900–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17433050/

J M K Murthy TJN. Continuous EEG monitoring in the evaluation of non-convulsive seizures and status epilepticus. Neurol India. 2004;52:430–5.

Abend NS, Dlugos DJ. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2025 Feb 8];37:165–70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17765803/

Nishiyama M, Nagase H, Tanaka T, Fujita K, Maruyama A, Toyoshima D, et al. Demographics and outcomes of patients with pediatric febrile convulsive status epilepticus. Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];52:499–503. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25769239/

Referanslar

Trinka E, Cock H, Hesdorffer D, Rossetti AO, Scheffer IE, Shinnar S, et al. A definition and classification of status epilepticus--Report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];56:1515–23. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26336950/

Shinnar S, Berg AT, Moshe SL, Shinnar R. How long do new-onset seizures in children last? Ann Neurol [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2025 Feb 8];49:659–64. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ana.1018

Trinka E, Leitinger M. Management of Status Epilepticus, Refractory Status Epilepticus, and Super-refractory Status Epilepticus. Continuum (Minneap Minn) [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Feb 8];28:559–602. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35393970/

Trinka E, Kälviäinen R. 25 years of advances in the definition, classification and treatment of status epilepticus. Seizure [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2025 Feb 8];44:65–73. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27890484/

Smith DM, McGinnis EJ, Walleigh DJ, Abend NS. Management of Status Epilepticus in Children. J Clin Med [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27089373/

Abend NS, Loddenkemper T. Management of pediatric status epilepticus. Curr Treat Options Neurol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2025 Feb 8];16. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24909106/

Becker LL, Gratopp A, Prager C, Elger CE, Kaindl AM. Treatment of pediatric convulsive status epilepticus. Front Neurol [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Feb 8];14. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37456627/

Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D, Alldredge B, Arya R, Bainbridge J, et al. Evidence-Based Guideline: Treatment of Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children and Adults: Report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Curr [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];16:48–61. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26900382/

Abend NS, Bearden D, Helbig I, McGuire J, Narula S, Panzer JA, et al. Status epilepticus and refractory status epilepticus management. Semin Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2025 Feb 8];21:263–74. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25727508/

Singh A, Stredny CM, Loddenkemper T. Pharmacotherapy for Pediatric Convulsive Status Epilepticus. CNS Drugs [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Feb 8];34:47–63. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31879852/

Scott LJ, Lyseng-Williamson KA, Garnock-Jones KP. Oromucosal midazolam: a guide to its use in paediatric patients with prolonged acute convulsive seizures. CNS Drugs [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2025 Feb 8];26:893–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22928704/

Chin RF, Neville BG, Peckham C, Wade A, Bedford H, Scott RC. Treatment of community-onset, childhood convulsive status epilepticus: a prospective, population-based study. Lancet Neurol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2025 Feb 8];7:696–703. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18602345/

Silbergleit R, Durkalski V, Lowenstein D, Conwit R, Pancioli A, Palesch Y, et al. Intramuscular versus intravenous therapy for prehospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2025 Feb 8];366:591–600. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22335736/

Brigo F, Nardone R, Tezzon F, Trinka E. Nonintravenous midazolam versus intravenous or rectal diazepam for the treatment of early status epilepticus: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];49:325–36. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25817929/

Zhao ZY, Wang HY, Wen B, Yang ZB, Feng K, Fan JC. A Comparison of Midazolam, Lorazepam, and Diazepam for the Treatment of Status Epilepticus in Children: A Network Meta-analysis. J Child Neurol [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];31:1093–107. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27021145/

Chamberlain JM, Okada P, Holsti M, Mahajan P, Brown KM, Vance C, et al. Lorazepam vs diazepam for pediatric status epilepticus: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2025 Feb 8];311:1652–60. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24756515/

Brigo F, Bragazzi NL, Bacigaluppi S, Nardone R, Trinka E. Is intravenous lorazepam really more effective and safe than intravenous diazepam as first-line treatment for convulsive status epilepticus? A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Epilepsy Behav [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];64:29–36. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27732915/

McIntyre J, Robertson S, Norris E, Appleton R, Whitehouse WP, Phillips B, et al. Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2025 Feb 8];366:205–10. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16023510/

KAVITA SRIVASTAVA, SHIRISH BHARTIYA, VRUSHABH GAVLI, RAHUL PATIL, SUREKHA RAJADHYAKSHA. Efficacy, Tolerability and Serum Phenytoin Levels after Intravenous Fosphenytoin Loading Dose in Children with Status Epilepticus. Indian Pediatr. 2019;218–21.

Mctague A, Martland T, Appleton R. Drug management for acute tonic-clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2025 Feb 8];1. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29320603/

Appleton R, Choonara I, Martland T, Phillips B, Scott R, Whitehouse W. The treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children. The Status Epilepticus Working Party, Members of the Status Epilepticus Working Party. Arch Dis Child [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2025 Feb 9];83:415–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11040151/

Hellström-Westas L, Boylan G, Ågren J. Systematic review of neonatal seizure management strategies provides guidance on anti-epileptic treatment. Acta Paediatr [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];104:123–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25251733/

Misra UK, Kalita J, Patel R. Sodium valproate vs phenytoin in status epilepticus: a pilot study. Neurology [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2025 Feb 8];67:340–2. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16864836/

Agarwal P, Kumar N, Chandra R, Gupta G, Antony AR, Garg N. Randomized study of intravenous valproate and phenytoin in status epilepticus. Seizure [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2025 Feb 8];16:527–32. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17616473/

Malamiri RA, Ghaempanah M, Khosroshahi N, Nikkhah A, Bavarian B, Ashrafi MR. Efficacy and safety of intravenous sodium valproate versus phenobarbital in controlling convulsive status epilepticus and acute prolonged convulsive seizures in children: a randomised trial. Eur J Paediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2025 Feb 8];16:536–41. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22326977/

Chamberlain JM, Kapur J, Shinnar S, Elm J, Holsti M, Babcock L, et al. Efficacy of levetiracetam, fosphenytoin, and valproate for established status epilepticus by age group (ESETT): a double-blind, responsive-adaptive, randomised controlled trial. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Feb 8];395:1217–24. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32203691/

İşgüder R, Güzel O, Ceylan G, Yllmaz Ü, Aǧın H. A Comparison of Intravenous Levetiracetam and Valproate for the Treatment of Refractory Status Epilepticus in Children. J Child Neurol [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];31:1120–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27080042/

Dalziel SR, Borland ML, Furyk J, Bonisch M, Neutze J, Donath S, et al. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children (ConSEPT): an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2025 Feb 8];393:2135–45. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31005386/

Noureen N, Khan S, Khursheed A, Iqbal I, Maryam M, Sharib SM, et al. Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Injectable Levetiracetam Versus Phenytoin as Second-Line Therapy in the Management of Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children: An Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Neurol [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2025 Feb 8];15:468–72. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31591834/

Perry MS, Holt PJ, Sladky JT. Topiramate loading for refractory status epilepticus in children. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2025 Feb 8];47:1070–1. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16822255/

Kahriman M, Minecan D, Kutluay E, Selwa L, Beydoun A. Efficacy of topiramate in children with refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2025 Feb 8];44:1353–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14510830/

Zeiler FA, Zeiler KJ, Teitelbaum J, Gillman LM, West M, Kazina CJ. Lidocaine for Status Epilepticus in Pediatrics. Can J Neurol Sci [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];42:414–26. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26303341/

Chiriboga N, Spentzas T, Abu-Sawwa R. A systematic review and meta-analysis of ketamine in pediatric status epilepticus. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Feb 8];65:2200–12. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38881333/

Rosati A, Ilvento L, L’Erario M, Masi S De, Biggeri A, Fabbro G, et al. Efficacy of ketamine in refractory convulsive status epilepticus in children: a protocol for a sequential design, multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label, non-profit trial (KETASER01). BMJ Open [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27311915/

Strzelczyk A, Zöllner JP, Willems LM, Jost J, Paule E, Schubert-Bast S, et al. Lacosamide in status epilepticus: Systematic review of current evidence. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2025 Feb 8];58:933–50. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28295226/

Poddar K, Sharma R, Ng YT. Intravenous Lacosamide in Pediatric Status Epilepticus: An Open-Label Efficacy and Safety Study. Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];61:83–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27241232/

Arkilo D, Gustafson M, Ritter FJ. Clinical experience of intravenous lacosamide in infants and young children. Eur J Paediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];20:212–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26810009/

Lang N, Lange M, Schmitt FC, Bös M, Weber Y, Evers S, et al. Intravenous lacosamide in clinical practice-Results from an independent registry. Seizure [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];39:5–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27161669/

Tasker RC, Goodkin HP, Sánchez Fernández I, Chapman KE, Abend NS, Arya R, et al. Refractory Status Epilepticus in Children: Intention to Treat With Continuous Infusions of Midazolam and Pentobarbital. Pediatr Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];17:968–75. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27500721/

Vasquez A, Farias-Moeller R, Tatum W. Pediatric refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus. Seizure [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2025 Feb 8];68:62–71. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29941225/

Van Gestel JPJ, Blussé Van Oud-Alblas HJ, Malingré M, Ververs FFT, Braun KPJ, Van Nieuwenhuizen O. Propofol and thiopental for refractory status epilepticus in children. Neurology [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2025 Feb 8];65:591–2. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16116121/

Hemphill S, McMenamin L, Bellamy MC, Hopkins PM. Propofol infusion syndrome: a structured literature review and analysis of published case reports. Br J Anaesth [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2025 Feb 8];122:448–59. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30857601/

Zeiler FA, Zeiler KJ, Teitelbaum J, Gillman LM, West M. Modern inhalational anesthetics for refractory status epilepticus. Can J Neurol Sci [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];42:106–15. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25572922/

Singhi S, Murthy A, Singhi P, Jayashree M. Continuous midazolam versus diazepam infusion for refractory convulsive status epilepticus. J Child Neurol [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2025 Feb 8];17:106–10. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11952069/

Lee WK, Liu KT, Young BWY. Very-high-dose phenobarbital for childhood refractory status epilepticus. Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2025 Feb 8];34:63–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16376283/

Crawford TO, Mitchell WG, Fishman LS, Robert Snodgrass S. Very-high-dose phenobarbital for refractory status epilepticus in children. Neurology [Internet]. 1988 [cited 2025 Feb 8];38:1035–40. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3386819/

Shaner DM, McCurdy SA, Herring MO, Gabor AJ. Treatment of status epilepticus: a prospective comparison of diazepam and phenytoin versus phenobarbital and optional phenytoin. Neurology [Internet]. 1988 [cited 2025 Feb 8];38:202–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3277082/

O’Connor SE, Richardson C, Trescher WH, Byler DL, Sather JD, Michael EH, et al. The ketogenic diet for the treatment of pediatric status epilepticus. Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2025 Feb 8];50:101–3. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24287234/

Appavu B, Vanatta L, Condie J, Kerrigan JF, Jarrar R. Ketogenic diet treatment for pediatric super-refractory status epilepticus. Seizure [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];41:62–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27475280/

Sort R, Born AP, Pedersen KN, Fonsmark L, Uldall P. Ketogenic diet in 3 cases of childhood refractory status epilepticus. Eur J Paediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2025 Feb 8];17:531–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23751291/

Fung LWE. Re: the ketogenic diet for the treatment of pediatric status epilepticus. Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2025 Feb 8];51. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25079586/

Chiusolo F, Diamanti A, Bianchi R, Fusco L, Elia M, Capriati T, et al. From intravenous to enteral ketogenic diet in PICU: A potential treatment strategy for refractory status epilepticus. Eur J Paediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];20:843–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27594068/

Farias-Moeller R, Bartolini L, Pasupuleti A, Brittany Cines RD, Kao A, Carpenter JL. A Practical Approach to Ketogenic Diet in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit for Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus. Neurocrit Care [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2025 Feb 8];26:267–72. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27553113/

Nabbout R, Mazzuca M, Hubert P, Peudennier S, Allaire C, Flurin V, et al. Efficacy of ketogenic diet in severe refractory status epilepticus initiating fever induced refractory epileptic encephalopathy in school age children (FIRES). Epilepsia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2025 Feb 8];51:2033–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20813015/

Lin JJ, Lin KL, Chan OW, Hsia SH, Wang HS. Intravenous ketogenic diet therapy for treatment of the acute stage of super-refractory status epilepticus in a pediatric patient. Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];52:442–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25771999/

Cobo NH, Sankar R, Murata KK, Sewak SL, Kezele MA, Matsumoto JH. The ketogenic diet as broad-spectrum treatment for super-refractory pediatric status epilepticus: challenges in implementation in the pediatric and neonatal intensive care units. J Child Neurol [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];30:259–66. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24464515/

Zeiler FA, Matuszczak M, Teitelbaum J, Kazina CJ, Gillman LM. Plasmapheresis for refractory status epilepticus Part II: A scoping systematic review of the pediatric literature. Seizure [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];43:61–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27888743/

Kramer U, Shorer Z, Ben-Zeev B, Lerman-Sagie T, Goldberg-Stern H, Lahat E. Severe refractory status epilepticus owing to presumed encephalitis. J Child Neurol [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2025 Feb 8];20:184–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15832606/

Toledano M, Britton JW, McKeon A, Shin C, Lennon VA, Quek AML, et al. Utility of an immunotherapy trial in evaluating patients with presumed autoimmune epilepsy. Neurology [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2025 Feb 8];82:1578–86. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24706013/

Mikaeloff Y, Jambaqué I, Hertz-Pannier L, Zamfirescu A, Adamsbaum C, Plouin P, et al. Devastating epileptic encephalopathy in school-aged children (DESC): a pseudo encephalitis. Epilepsy Res [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2025 Feb 8];69:67–79. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16469483/

Baxter P, Clarke A, Cross H, Harding B, Hicks E, Livingston J, et al. Idiopathic catastrophic epileptic encephalopathy presenting with acute onset intractable status. Seizure [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2025 Feb 8];12:379–87. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12915084/

Zeiler FA, Zeiler KJ, Teitelbaum J, Gillman LM, West M. Therapeutic Hypothermia for Refractory Status Epilepticus. Can J Neurol Sci [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];42:221–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26153039/

Buttram SDW, Au AK, Koch J, Lidsky K, McBain K, O’Brien N, et al. Feasibility Study Evaluating Therapeutic Hypothermia for Refractory Status Epilepticus in Children. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];5:198–202. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26562493/

Zeiler FA, Matuszczak M, Teitelbaum J, Gillman LM, Kazina CJ. Electroconvulsive therapy for refractory status epilepticus: A systematic review. Seizure [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];35:23–32. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26789495/

Griesemer DA, Kellner CH, Beale MD, Smith GM. Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment of intractable seizures. Initial findings in two children. Neurology [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2025 Feb 8];49:1389–92. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9371927/

Veiga AM, Moreno DC, Menéndez IG, Siscart IM, Del Olmo Fernández M, Sánchez EG, et al. Effectiveness of Electroconvulsive Therapy for Refractory Status Epilepticus in Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome. Neuropediatrics [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2025 Feb 8];48:45–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27434885/

Shin HW, O’Donovan CA, Boggs JG, Grefe A, Harper A, Bell WL, et al. Successful ECT treatment for medically refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus in pediatric patient. Seizure [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2025 Feb 8];20:433–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21333551/

Ma X, Liporace J, O’Connor MJ, Sperling MR. Neurosurgical treatment of medically intractable status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2025 Feb 8];46:33–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11395286/

Vendrame M, Loddenkemper T. Surgical treatment of refractory status epilepticus in children: candidate selection and outcome. Semin Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2025 Feb 8];17:182–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20727488/

Irwin K, Birch V, Lees J, Polkey C, Alarcon G, Binnie C, et al. Multiple subpial transection in Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2025 Feb 8];43:248. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11305402/

Morrell F, Whisler WW, Smith MC, Hoeppner TJ, Toledo-morrell L De, Pierre-louis SJC, et al. Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Treatment with subpial intracortical transection. Brain [Internet]. 1995 [cited 2025 Feb 8];118 ( Pt 6):1529–46. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8595482/

Winston KR, Levisohn P, Miller BR, Freeman J. Vagal nerve stimulation for status epilepticus. Pediatr Neurosurg [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2025 Feb 8];34:190–2. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11359111/

Carosella CM, Greiner HM, Byars AW, Arthur TM, Leach JL, Turner M, et al. Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Electrographic Status Epilepticus in Slow-Wave Sleep. Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 8];60:66–70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27068060/

Komur M, Arslankoylu AE, Okuyaz C, Keceli M, Derici D. Management of patients with status epilepticus treated at a pediatric intensive care unit in Turkey. Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2025 Feb 8];46:382–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22633634/

Barzegar M, Mahdavi M, Galegolab Behbehani A, Tabrizi A. Refractory Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children: Etiology, Associated Risk Factors and Outcome. Iran J Child Neurol Autumn. 2015;9:24–31.

Gilbert DL, Gartside PS, Glauser TA. Efficacy and mortality in treatment of refractory generalized convulsive status epilepticus in children: a meta-analysis. J Child Neurol [Internet]. 1999 [cited 2025 Feb 8];14:602–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10488906/

Sahin M, Menache CC, Holmes GL, Riviello JJ. Outcome of severe refractory status epilepticus in children. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2025 Feb 8];42:1461–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11879350/

Greiner HM, Holland K, Leach JL, Horn PS, Hershey AD, Rose DF. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus: the encephalopathic pediatric patient. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2025 Feb 8];129. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22331332/

Narayanan JT, Murthy JMK. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus in a neurological intensive care unit: profile in a developing country. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2025 Feb 8];48:900–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17433050/

J M K Murthy TJN. Continuous EEG monitoring in the evaluation of non-convulsive seizures and status epilepticus. Neurol India. 2004;52:430–5.

Abend NS, Dlugos DJ. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2025 Feb 8];37:165–70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17765803/

Nishiyama M, Nagase H, Tanaka T, Fujita K, Maruyama A, Toyoshima D, et al. Demographics and outcomes of patients with pediatric febrile convulsive status epilepticus. Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Feb 8];52:499–503. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25769239/

Gelecek

27 Mayıs 2025

Lisans

Lisans