Çocuklarda Nörolojik Muayene
Özet
Çocuklarda nörolojik muayenenin temelleri yetişkinlerden oldukça farklıdır. Tam teşekküllü bir nörolojik muayene ayrıntılı bir klinik öykü, sistematik bir muayene ve çocuğun psikomotor gelişiminin tam olarak içeren kapsamlı bir değerlendirmeden oluşur. Bu yazıda, çocuklarda ve bebeklerde nörolojik muayenenin temel esasları üzerinde durulacaktır.
Referanslar
Swaiman KF. General Aspects of the Patient’s Neurologic History. In: Swaiman KF AS, Ferriero DM, Schor NF (Editors). editor. Swaiman’s Pediatric Neurology China: Elsevier Inc; 2012. p. 1-123.
Swaiman KF, Phillips J. Neurologic examination after the newborn period until 2 years of age. Swaiman’s Pediatric Neurology E-Book: Principles and Practice. 2017.
Scharf RJ, Scharf GJ, Stroustrup A. Developmental Milestones. Pediatr Rev. 2016;37(1):25-37; quiz 8, 47.
Weitzman C, Wegner L. Promoting optimal development: screening for behavioral and emotional problems. Pediatrics. 2015;135(2):384-95.
Identifying infants and young children with developmental disorders in the medical home: an algorithm for developmental surveillance and screening. Pediatrics. 2006;118(1):405-20.
Noritz GH, Murphy NA, Neuromotor Screening Expert P. Motor Delays: Early Identification and Evaluation. Pediatrics. 2013;131(6):e2016.
Altunbaşak Ş DG. Bilinç Bozukluğu ve Koma. Türkiye Çocuk Nöroloji Derneği, Çocuk Nörolojisi Birinci Baskı. Ankara: Alp Ofset; 2006. p. 95-109.
Z. Y. Çocukta Nörolojik Gelişim ve Muayeneye Genel Bakış In: Öge E BB, editor. Nöroloji. 2.Baskı: Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri; 2011. p. 117-25.
Jamal A, Sankhyan N, Jayashree M, Singhi S, Singhi P. Full Outline of Unresponsiveness score and the Glasgow Coma Scale in prediction of pediatric coma. World J Emerg Med. 2017;8(1):55-60.
Gökben S. Nörolojik Bakı. Aysun S (Türkiye Çocuk Nöroloji Derneği Başkanı). Çocuk Nörolojisi. Türkiye Çocuk Nöroloji Derneği. Birinci Baskı. Ankara: Alp Ofset; 2006. p. 13-47.
Campbell W, DeJong RN. Chapter 10: Agnosia, Apraxia, and Related Disorders of Higher Cortical Function Overview of the Nervous System, DeJong's the neurologic examination. Eight ed: Wolters Kluwer; 2020.
Shin MS, Park SY, Park SR, Seol SH, Kwon JS. Clinical and empirical applications of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test. Nat Protoc. 2006;1(2):892-9.
Shahrokhi M, Asuncion RMD. Neurologic Exam. StatPearls [Internet]. 2021.
Sables-Baus S, Robinson MV. Pediatric neurologic exam. International emergency nursing. 2011;19(4):199-205.
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. DeJong's the neurologic examination: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
Kotagal S. Detailed neurologic assessment of infants and children. Douglas R Nordli, Jr, MD, 2021, uptodate.
Lueder GT. Chapter 1. The Eye Examination. Pediatric Practice: Ophthalmology. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2011.
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Chapter 13: The Optic Nerve, DeJong's the neurologic examination. Eight ed: Wolters Kluwer; 2020.
Simon RP. Clinical Neurology. Tenth ed: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc; 2018.
Yapıcı Z. Çocukta Nörolojik Gelişim ve Muayeneye Genel Bakış. In: Öge E BB, editor. Nöroloji. İkinci Baskı. İstanbul: Nobel Kitap Evleri; 2011. p. 117-25.
Peredo DE, Hannibal MC. The floppy infant: evaluation of hypotonia. Pediatr Rev. 2009;30(9):e66-76.
Haslam RH. Clinical neurological examination of infants and children. Handbook of clinical neurology. 2013;111:17-25.
Simon RP. Chapter 11: Movement Disorders, Clinical Neurology. Tenth ed: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc; 2018.
Torres-Russotto D. Clinical approach to tremor in children. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019;59:111-6.
Simon RP. Chapter 40: Pathologic Reflexes, Clinical Neurology. Tenth ed: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc; 2018.
Selçuk Apak MÖ, Ü. Korkmazlar. Bölüm IV; Süt Çocuğunun Gelişim Nörolojisi. . In: Apak S, editor. Gelişim Nörolojisi Genişletilmiş İkinci baskı. İstanbul: Bayrak Matbaacılık; 1989. p. 165-279.
Simon RP. Chapter 9: Motor Disorders, Clinical Neurology. Tenth ed: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc; 2018.
Canpolat M, Kumandas S. Approach to Child with Acute Consciousness Disorders. Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr Sci 2018;14(1)(14(1)):1-19.
Eric Pin˜a-Garza J. Altered States of Consciousness. Eric Pin˜a-Garza J. (Editor). Fenichels’s Clinical Pediatric Neurology Seventh: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 47-75.
Swaiman KF. Neurologic Examination of the Term and Preterm Infant. In: Swaiman KF AS, Ferriero DM, Schor NF (Editors). editor. Swaiman’s Pediatric Neurology. Fifth. China: Elsevier Inc; 2012. p. 33-59.
Güleç A, Canpolat M. Çocuklarda Psikomotor Gelişme. In, Temel Pediatrik Nöroloji Tanı ve Tedavi (Kumandaş & Canpolat). Akademisyen Kitabevi, 2022. pp.39-53
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Chapter 40: Pathologic Reflexes. In: Campbell, William W, and Richard J Barohn (Eds). DeJong’s the Neurologic Examination. Eighth edition. Phi-ladelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020. pp. 593-608
Samur B., Canpolat M. Çocukluk Çağında Genel Nörolojik Muayene. In, Temel Pediatrik Nöroloji Tanı ve Tedavi (Kumandaş & Canpolat). Akademisyen Kitabevi, 2022. pp.7-28
Samur B., Canpolat M. Süt Çocuğunda Nörolojik Muayene.In, Temel Pediatrik Nöroloji Tanı ve Tedavi (Kumandaş & Canpolat). Akademisyen Kitabevi, 2022. pp.7-28
Samur B., Canpolat M. Çocukluk Yenidoğanlarda Nörolojik Muayene.In, Temel Pediatrik Nöroloji Tanı ve Tedavi (Kumandaş & Canpolat). Akademisyen Kitabevi, 2022. pp.423-469
Yalaz K. Normal Motor - Mental Gelişim. In: Yalaz K, editor. Temel Gelişimsel Çocuk Nöroloisi. 3.Baskı. Ankara/Yenimahalle: Hipokrat Yayıncılık; 2021. p.35-42
Zarko Bahar S, Aktin E. Kranyal Sinirler Kısa Anatomo-Fizyoloji, Muayene ve Bozuklukları (Sinir Sistemi Semiyolojisi). In: Öge A.E, Baykan B., (Editörler). Nöroloji. İkinci Baskı. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri;2011.p. 37-55.
Zarko Bahar S, Aktin E. Refleks Bozuklukları. In: Öge A.E, Baykan B., (Editörler). Nöroloji. İkinci Baskı. İstanbul: Nobel Kitap Evleri; 2011. p. 59-61.
Swaiman KF.Neurologic Examination of the Older Child. In: Swaiman KF, Aswal S, Ferriero DM, Schor NF (Editors). Swaiman’s Pediatric Neurology. Fifth ed. China: Elsevier Inc; 2012. p. e15-e32.
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Section C: Mental Status Examination and Higher Cortical Functions. In: Campbell, William W, and Richard J Barohn (Eds). DeJong’s the Neurologic Examination. Eighth edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020. pp.53-128.
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Section D: The Cranial Nerves. In: Campbell, William W, and Richard J Barohn (Eds). DeJong’s the Neurologic Examination. Eighth edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020. pp.129-366.
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Section E: The Motor System. In: Campbell, William W, and Richard J Barohn (Eds). DeJong’s the Neurologic Examination. Eighth edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020. pp.367-522.
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Section G: The Reflexes.In: Campbell, William W, and Richard J Barohn (Eds). DeJong’s the Neurologic Examination. Eighth edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020. pp.569-618.
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Section F: The Sensory System.In: Campbell, William W, and Richard J Barohn (Eds). DeJong’s the Neurologic Examination. Eighth edition. Phi-ladelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020. pp.523-568.
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Section H: Coordination and Gait.In: Campbell, William W, and Richard J Barohn (Eds). DeJong’s the Neurologic Examination. Eighth edition. Phi-ladelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020. pp.619-652
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Section L: Special Methods of Examination.In: Campbell, William W, and Richard J Barohn (Eds). DeJong’s the Neurologic Examination. Eighth edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020. pp.753-776.
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Section M: Diagnosis and Localization of Neurologic Disease (Chapter 53: Diagnostic Reasoning and Neurologic Differential Diagnosis).In: Campbell, William W, and Richard J Barohn (Eds). DeJong’s the Neurologic Examination. Eighth edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020. pp.777-814
Referanslar
Swaiman KF. General Aspects of the Patient’s Neurologic History. In: Swaiman KF AS, Ferriero DM, Schor NF (Editors). editor. Swaiman’s Pediatric Neurology China: Elsevier Inc; 2012. p. 1-123.
Swaiman KF, Phillips J. Neurologic examination after the newborn period until 2 years of age. Swaiman’s Pediatric Neurology E-Book: Principles and Practice. 2017.
Scharf RJ, Scharf GJ, Stroustrup A. Developmental Milestones. Pediatr Rev. 2016;37(1):25-37; quiz 8, 47.
Weitzman C, Wegner L. Promoting optimal development: screening for behavioral and emotional problems. Pediatrics. 2015;135(2):384-95.
Identifying infants and young children with developmental disorders in the medical home: an algorithm for developmental surveillance and screening. Pediatrics. 2006;118(1):405-20.
Noritz GH, Murphy NA, Neuromotor Screening Expert P. Motor Delays: Early Identification and Evaluation. Pediatrics. 2013;131(6):e2016.
Altunbaşak Ş DG. Bilinç Bozukluğu ve Koma. Türkiye Çocuk Nöroloji Derneği, Çocuk Nörolojisi Birinci Baskı. Ankara: Alp Ofset; 2006. p. 95-109.
Z. Y. Çocukta Nörolojik Gelişim ve Muayeneye Genel Bakış In: Öge E BB, editor. Nöroloji. 2.Baskı: Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri; 2011. p. 117-25.
Jamal A, Sankhyan N, Jayashree M, Singhi S, Singhi P. Full Outline of Unresponsiveness score and the Glasgow Coma Scale in prediction of pediatric coma. World J Emerg Med. 2017;8(1):55-60.
Gökben S. Nörolojik Bakı. Aysun S (Türkiye Çocuk Nöroloji Derneği Başkanı). Çocuk Nörolojisi. Türkiye Çocuk Nöroloji Derneği. Birinci Baskı. Ankara: Alp Ofset; 2006. p. 13-47.
Campbell W, DeJong RN. Chapter 10: Agnosia, Apraxia, and Related Disorders of Higher Cortical Function Overview of the Nervous System, DeJong's the neurologic examination. Eight ed: Wolters Kluwer; 2020.
Shin MS, Park SY, Park SR, Seol SH, Kwon JS. Clinical and empirical applications of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test. Nat Protoc. 2006;1(2):892-9.
Shahrokhi M, Asuncion RMD. Neurologic Exam. StatPearls [Internet]. 2021.
Sables-Baus S, Robinson MV. Pediatric neurologic exam. International emergency nursing. 2011;19(4):199-205.
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. DeJong's the neurologic examination: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
Kotagal S. Detailed neurologic assessment of infants and children. Douglas R Nordli, Jr, MD, 2021, uptodate.
Lueder GT. Chapter 1. The Eye Examination. Pediatric Practice: Ophthalmology. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2011.
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Chapter 13: The Optic Nerve, DeJong's the neurologic examination. Eight ed: Wolters Kluwer; 2020.
Simon RP. Clinical Neurology. Tenth ed: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc; 2018.
Yapıcı Z. Çocukta Nörolojik Gelişim ve Muayeneye Genel Bakış. In: Öge E BB, editor. Nöroloji. İkinci Baskı. İstanbul: Nobel Kitap Evleri; 2011. p. 117-25.
Peredo DE, Hannibal MC. The floppy infant: evaluation of hypotonia. Pediatr Rev. 2009;30(9):e66-76.
Haslam RH. Clinical neurological examination of infants and children. Handbook of clinical neurology. 2013;111:17-25.
Simon RP. Chapter 11: Movement Disorders, Clinical Neurology. Tenth ed: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc; 2018.
Torres-Russotto D. Clinical approach to tremor in children. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019;59:111-6.
Simon RP. Chapter 40: Pathologic Reflexes, Clinical Neurology. Tenth ed: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc; 2018.
Selçuk Apak MÖ, Ü. Korkmazlar. Bölüm IV; Süt Çocuğunun Gelişim Nörolojisi. . In: Apak S, editor. Gelişim Nörolojisi Genişletilmiş İkinci baskı. İstanbul: Bayrak Matbaacılık; 1989. p. 165-279.
Simon RP. Chapter 9: Motor Disorders, Clinical Neurology. Tenth ed: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc; 2018.
Canpolat M, Kumandas S. Approach to Child with Acute Consciousness Disorders. Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr Sci 2018;14(1)(14(1)):1-19.
Eric Pin˜a-Garza J. Altered States of Consciousness. Eric Pin˜a-Garza J. (Editor). Fenichels’s Clinical Pediatric Neurology Seventh: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 47-75.
Swaiman KF. Neurologic Examination of the Term and Preterm Infant. In: Swaiman KF AS, Ferriero DM, Schor NF (Editors). editor. Swaiman’s Pediatric Neurology. Fifth. China: Elsevier Inc; 2012. p. 33-59.
Güleç A, Canpolat M. Çocuklarda Psikomotor Gelişme. In, Temel Pediatrik Nöroloji Tanı ve Tedavi (Kumandaş & Canpolat). Akademisyen Kitabevi, 2022. pp.39-53
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Chapter 40: Pathologic Reflexes. In: Campbell, William W, and Richard J Barohn (Eds). DeJong’s the Neurologic Examination. Eighth edition. Phi-ladelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020. pp. 593-608
Samur B., Canpolat M. Çocukluk Çağında Genel Nörolojik Muayene. In, Temel Pediatrik Nöroloji Tanı ve Tedavi (Kumandaş & Canpolat). Akademisyen Kitabevi, 2022. pp.7-28
Samur B., Canpolat M. Süt Çocuğunda Nörolojik Muayene.In, Temel Pediatrik Nöroloji Tanı ve Tedavi (Kumandaş & Canpolat). Akademisyen Kitabevi, 2022. pp.7-28
Samur B., Canpolat M. Çocukluk Yenidoğanlarda Nörolojik Muayene.In, Temel Pediatrik Nöroloji Tanı ve Tedavi (Kumandaş & Canpolat). Akademisyen Kitabevi, 2022. pp.423-469
Yalaz K. Normal Motor - Mental Gelişim. In: Yalaz K, editor. Temel Gelişimsel Çocuk Nöroloisi. 3.Baskı. Ankara/Yenimahalle: Hipokrat Yayıncılık; 2021. p.35-42
Zarko Bahar S, Aktin E. Kranyal Sinirler Kısa Anatomo-Fizyoloji, Muayene ve Bozuklukları (Sinir Sistemi Semiyolojisi). In: Öge A.E, Baykan B., (Editörler). Nöroloji. İkinci Baskı. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri;2011.p. 37-55.
Zarko Bahar S, Aktin E. Refleks Bozuklukları. In: Öge A.E, Baykan B., (Editörler). Nöroloji. İkinci Baskı. İstanbul: Nobel Kitap Evleri; 2011. p. 59-61.
Swaiman KF.Neurologic Examination of the Older Child. In: Swaiman KF, Aswal S, Ferriero DM, Schor NF (Editors). Swaiman’s Pediatric Neurology. Fifth ed. China: Elsevier Inc; 2012. p. e15-e32.
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Section C: Mental Status Examination and Higher Cortical Functions. In: Campbell, William W, and Richard J Barohn (Eds). DeJong’s the Neurologic Examination. Eighth edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020. pp.53-128.
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Section D: The Cranial Nerves. In: Campbell, William W, and Richard J Barohn (Eds). DeJong’s the Neurologic Examination. Eighth edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020. pp.129-366.
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Section E: The Motor System. In: Campbell, William W, and Richard J Barohn (Eds). DeJong’s the Neurologic Examination. Eighth edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020. pp.367-522.
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Section G: The Reflexes.In: Campbell, William W, and Richard J Barohn (Eds). DeJong’s the Neurologic Examination. Eighth edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020. pp.569-618.
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Section F: The Sensory System.In: Campbell, William W, and Richard J Barohn (Eds). DeJong’s the Neurologic Examination. Eighth edition. Phi-ladelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020. pp.523-568.
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Section H: Coordination and Gait.In: Campbell, William W, and Richard J Barohn (Eds). DeJong’s the Neurologic Examination. Eighth edition. Phi-ladelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020. pp.619-652
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Section L: Special Methods of Examination.In: Campbell, William W, and Richard J Barohn (Eds). DeJong’s the Neurologic Examination. Eighth edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020. pp.753-776.
Campbell WW, DeJong RN. Section M: Diagnosis and Localization of Neurologic Disease (Chapter 53: Diagnostic Reasoning and Neurologic Differential Diagnosis).In: Campbell, William W, and Richard J Barohn (Eds). DeJong’s the Neurologic Examination. Eighth edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020. pp.777-814
