Kamu Sektörü ve Yapay Zekâ Devrimi
Özet
Yapay zekâ devrimi, Birleşmiş Milletler Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçlarına ulaşmak için birçok fırsatlar yaratmıştır. Ancak, bu fırsatlarla birlikte eşitsizliklerin derinleşmesi, şeffaflık, etik ve demokratik açıklar gibi konularda tehditler de ortaya çıkmıştır. Kamu sektörü yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin iyi huylu potansiyellerinin gerçekliğe dönüşmesinde ve risklerinin engellenmesi veya en azından olumsuz etkilerinin sınırlandırılmasında kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu bölümde yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin düzenlenmesi, kamu politikası döngüsünde yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin sunabileceği katkılar ve bu örgütsel kapasite ve yetkinlikler olmak üzere üç temel sorun alanına yönelik bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak yönetimler tarafından insan-merkezlilik, açıklanabilirlik, hesap verilebilirlik, şeffaflık gibi temel değerleri somutlaştıracak önlemlerin bir an önce alınması gerektiği; kamu politikalarının karmaşık normatif, siyasal ve toplumsal bağlamlar içinde işlediği gerçeğinin göz ardı edilmemesi ve kamu kurumlarının teknolojik, finansal ve insan kaynakları altyapılarının güçlendirilmesine yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur.
Referanslar
Agarwal, P. K. (2018). Public administration challenges in the world of AI and bots. Public Administration Review, 78(6), 917–921. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12979
Berryhill, J., Heang, K. K., Clogher, R., & McBride, K. (2019). Hello World: Artificial intelligence and its use in the public sector. İçinde OECD Working Papers on Public Governance (Sayı 36). https://doi.org/10.1787/19934351
Borrás, S., & Edler, J. (2014). The governance of socio-technical systems. İçinde S. Borrás & J. Edler (Ed.), The Governance of Socio-Technical Systems (ss. 23–48). Edwars Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784710194
Borrás, S., & Edler, J. (2020). The roles of the state in the governance of socio-technical systems’ transformation. Research Policy, 49(5), 103971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.103971
Bullock, J., Young, M. M., & Wang, Y.-F. (2020). Artificial intelligence, bureaucratic form, and discretion in public service. Information Polity, 25(4), 491–506. https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-200223
Busuioc, M. (2021). Accountable artificial intelligence: Holding algorithms to account. Public Administration Review, 81(5), 825–836. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13293
Dutton, T. (2018). An overview of national AI strategies. https://medium.com/@tim.a.dutton/an-overview-of-national-ai-strategies-2a70ec6edfd
Fatima, S., Desouza, K. C., & Dawson, G. S. (2020). National strategic artificial intelligence plans: A multi-dimensional analysis. Economic Analysis And Policy, 67, 178–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2020.07.008
Future of Life Institute. (2023). Pause giant AI experiments: An open letter. https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/pause-giant-ai-experiments/
Helbing, D., Frey, B. S., Gigerenzer, G., Hafen, E., Hagner, M., Hofstetter, Y., van den Hoven, J., Zicari, R. V, & Zwitter, A. (2019). Will democracy survive big data and artificial intelligence? İçinde D. Helbing (Ed.), Towards digital enlightenment: Essays on the dark and light sides of the digital revolution (ss. 73–98). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90869-4_7
Henman, P. (2020). Improving public services using artificial intelligence: possibilities, pitfalls, governance. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 42(4), 209–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2020.1816188
Höchtl, J., Parycek, P., & Schöllhammer, R. (2016). Big data in the policy cycle: Policy decision making in the digital era. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 26(1–2), 147–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2015.1125187
Kankanhalli, A., Charalabidis, Y., & Mellouli, S. (2019). IoT and AI for smart government: A research agenda. Government Information Quarterly, 36(2), 304–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.02.003
Kingdon, J. W. (1995). Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. HarperCollins College Publishers.
Kuziemski, M., & Misuraca, G. (2020). AI governance in the public sector: Three tales from the frontiers of automated decision-making in democratic settings. Telecommunications Policy, 44(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.101976
Lipsky, Mi. (1980). Street level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public services. Russell Sage Foundation. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/9781610447713
Mergel, I. (2016). Big data in public affairs education. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 22(2), 231–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2016.12002243
Mergel, I., Dickinson, H., Stenvall, J., & Gasco, M. (2023). Implementing AI in the public sector. Public Management Review, 00(00), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2023.2231950
Misuraca, G., Mureddu, F., & Osimo, D. (2014). Policy-Making 2.0: Unleashing the power of big data for public governance. İçinde M. Gascó-Hernández (Ed.), Open government: Opportunities and challenges for public governance (ss. 171–188). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9563-5
Nestor Maslej, Loredana Fattorini, Raymond Perrault, Vanessa Parli, Anka Reuel, Erik Brynjolfsson, J. E., & Katrina Ligett, Terah Lyons, James Manyika, Juan Carlos Niebles, Yoav Shoham, Russell Wald, and J. C. (2024). The AI Index 2024 Annual Report. Içinde AI Index Steering Committee, Institute for Human-Centered AI, Stanford University.
Oxford Insights. (2023). Government AI Readiness Index 2023. 47–53. https://oxfordinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/2023-Government-AI-Readiness-Index-2.pdf
Papyshev, G., & Yarime, M. (2023). The state’s role in governing artificial intelligence: development, control, and promotion through national strategies. Policy Design and Practice, 6(1), 79–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2022.2162252
Parkhurst, J. (2017). The Politics of Evidence. Routledge. London.
Paul, R. (2022). Can critical policy studies outsmart AI? Research agenda on artificial intelligence technologies and public policy. Critical Policy Studies, 16(4), 497–509. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2022.2123018
Pencheva, I., Esteve, M., & Mikhaylov, S. J. (2020). Big Data and AI - A transformational shift for government: So, what next for research? Public Policy And Administration, 35(1), 24–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952076718780537
Radu, R. (2021). Steering the governance of artificial intelligence: national strategies in perspective. Policy and Society, 40(2), 178–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2021.1929728
Rochefort, D. A., & Cobb, R. W. (1994). Problem definition: An emerging perspective. İçinde The Politics of problem definition: Shaping the policy agenda (ss. 1–31).
Sabatier, P., & Mazmanian, D. (1980). Conceptual framework, The implementation of public policy : A framework of analysis. Policy Studies Journal, 8(4), 538–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1980.tb01266.
Statista. (2023). One million users. https://www.statista.com/chart/29174/time-to-one-million-users/
Statista. (2024). The 100 largest companies in the world by market capitalization in 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/263264/top-companies-in-the-world-by-market-capitalization/
Su, Z., Togay, G., & Côté, A. M. (2021). Artificial intelligence: A destructive and yet creative force in the skilled labour market. Human Resource Development International, 24(3), 341–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2020.1818513
Susskind, R., & Susskind, D. (2015). The Future of the professions: How technology will transform the work of human experts. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713395.001.0001
Ubaldi, B., Le Fevre, E. M., Petrucci, E., Marchionni, P., Biancalana, C., Hiltunen, N., Intravaia, D. M., & Yang, C. (2019). State of the art in the use of emerging technologies in the public sector. Içinde OECD Working Papers on Public Governance (Sayı 31). https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/governance/state-of-the-art-in-the-use-of-emerging-technologies-in-the-public-sector_932780bc-en
Ulnicane, I., Knight, W., Leach, T., Stahl, B. C., & Wanjiku, W. G. (2021). Framing governance for a contested emerging technology:insights from AI policy. Policy and Society, 40(2), 158–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2020.1855800
UN DESA. (2023). SDGs Report 2023. İçinde The Sustainable development Goals Report 2023: Special Edition. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2023/
UNESCO. (2021). Reccomendations on the ethics of artificial intelligence (Sayı November). https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137
United Nations. (2023). Interim report: Governing AI for humanity. United Nations, December. https://www.un.org/en/ai-advisory-body
Uzun, M., Yıldız, M., & Önder, M. (2022). Big Questions of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Public Administration and Policy. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 31(2), 423–442. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1121900
Valle-Cruz, D., Alejandro Ruvalcaba-Gomez, E., Sandoval-Almazan, R., & Ignacio Criado, J. (2019). A review of artificial intelligence in government and its potential from a public policy perspective. Içinde Y. C. Chen, F. Salem, & A. Zuiderwijk (Ed.), Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (ss. 91–99). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3325112.3325242
Valle-Cruz, D., Criado, J. I., Sandoval-Almazán, R., & Ruvalcaba-Gomez, E. A. (2020). Assessing the public policy-cycle framework in the age of artificial intelligence: From agenda-setting to policy evaluation. Government Information Quarterly, 37(4), 101509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.101509
van Noordt, C., & Misuraca, G. (2022a). Exploratory insights on artificial intelligence for government in Europe. Social Science Computer Review, 40(2), 426–444. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439320980449
van Noordt, C., & Misuraca, G. (2022b). Exploratory Insights on Artificial Intelligence for Government in Europe. Social Science Computer Review, 40(2), 426–444. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439320980449
Vinuesa, R., Azizpour, H., Leite, I., Balaam, M., Dignum, V., Domisch, S., Felländer, A., Langhans, S. D., Tegmark, M., & Fuso Nerini, F. (2020). The role of artificial intelligence in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Nature Communications, 11(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14108-y
Vogl, T. M., Seidelin, C., Ganesh, B., & Bright, J. (2020). Smart technology and the emergence of algorithmic bureaucracy: Artificial intelligence in UK local authorities. Public Administration Review, 80(6), 946–961. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13286
Wirtz, B. W., & Müller, W. M. (2019). An integrated artificial intelligence framework for public management. Public Management Review, 21(7), 1076–1100. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1549268
Wirtz, B. W., Weyerer, J. C., & Geyer, C. (2019). Artificial intelligence and the public sector: Applications and challenges. International Journal of Public Administration, 42(7), 596–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2018.1498103
Wirtz, B. W., Weyerer, J. C., & Sturm, B. J. (2020). The dark sides of artificial intelligence: An integrated AI governance framework for public administration. International Journal of Public Administration, 43(9), 818–829. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2020.1749851
World Bank. (2024). GDP (Current US Dolars): All Countries and Economies. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). (2024). Generative artificial intelligence. İçinde Generative Artificial Intellligence Patent Landscape Report. https://doi.org/. https://doi.org/10.34667/tind.49740
Zahariadis, N. (2016). Handbook of public policy agenda setting. İçinde Handbook of Public Policy Agenda Setting. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784715922
Zuiderwijk, A., Chen, Y.-C., & Salem, F. (2021). Implications of the use of artificial intelligence in public governance: A systematic literature review and a research agenda. Government Information Quarterly, 38(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101577
Referanslar
Agarwal, P. K. (2018). Public administration challenges in the world of AI and bots. Public Administration Review, 78(6), 917–921. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12979
Berryhill, J., Heang, K. K., Clogher, R., & McBride, K. (2019). Hello World: Artificial intelligence and its use in the public sector. İçinde OECD Working Papers on Public Governance (Sayı 36). https://doi.org/10.1787/19934351
Borrás, S., & Edler, J. (2014). The governance of socio-technical systems. İçinde S. Borrás & J. Edler (Ed.), The Governance of Socio-Technical Systems (ss. 23–48). Edwars Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784710194
Borrás, S., & Edler, J. (2020). The roles of the state in the governance of socio-technical systems’ transformation. Research Policy, 49(5), 103971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.103971
Bullock, J., Young, M. M., & Wang, Y.-F. (2020). Artificial intelligence, bureaucratic form, and discretion in public service. Information Polity, 25(4), 491–506. https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-200223
Busuioc, M. (2021). Accountable artificial intelligence: Holding algorithms to account. Public Administration Review, 81(5), 825–836. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13293
Dutton, T. (2018). An overview of national AI strategies. https://medium.com/@tim.a.dutton/an-overview-of-national-ai-strategies-2a70ec6edfd
Fatima, S., Desouza, K. C., & Dawson, G. S. (2020). National strategic artificial intelligence plans: A multi-dimensional analysis. Economic Analysis And Policy, 67, 178–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2020.07.008
Future of Life Institute. (2023). Pause giant AI experiments: An open letter. https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/pause-giant-ai-experiments/
Helbing, D., Frey, B. S., Gigerenzer, G., Hafen, E., Hagner, M., Hofstetter, Y., van den Hoven, J., Zicari, R. V, & Zwitter, A. (2019). Will democracy survive big data and artificial intelligence? İçinde D. Helbing (Ed.), Towards digital enlightenment: Essays on the dark and light sides of the digital revolution (ss. 73–98). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90869-4_7
Henman, P. (2020). Improving public services using artificial intelligence: possibilities, pitfalls, governance. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 42(4), 209–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2020.1816188
Höchtl, J., Parycek, P., & Schöllhammer, R. (2016). Big data in the policy cycle: Policy decision making in the digital era. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 26(1–2), 147–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2015.1125187
Kankanhalli, A., Charalabidis, Y., & Mellouli, S. (2019). IoT and AI for smart government: A research agenda. Government Information Quarterly, 36(2), 304–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.02.003
Kingdon, J. W. (1995). Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. HarperCollins College Publishers.
Kuziemski, M., & Misuraca, G. (2020). AI governance in the public sector: Three tales from the frontiers of automated decision-making in democratic settings. Telecommunications Policy, 44(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.101976
Lipsky, Mi. (1980). Street level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public services. Russell Sage Foundation. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/9781610447713
Mergel, I. (2016). Big data in public affairs education. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 22(2), 231–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2016.12002243
Mergel, I., Dickinson, H., Stenvall, J., & Gasco, M. (2023). Implementing AI in the public sector. Public Management Review, 00(00), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2023.2231950
Misuraca, G., Mureddu, F., & Osimo, D. (2014). Policy-Making 2.0: Unleashing the power of big data for public governance. İçinde M. Gascó-Hernández (Ed.), Open government: Opportunities and challenges for public governance (ss. 171–188). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9563-5
Nestor Maslej, Loredana Fattorini, Raymond Perrault, Vanessa Parli, Anka Reuel, Erik Brynjolfsson, J. E., & Katrina Ligett, Terah Lyons, James Manyika, Juan Carlos Niebles, Yoav Shoham, Russell Wald, and J. C. (2024). The AI Index 2024 Annual Report. Içinde AI Index Steering Committee, Institute for Human-Centered AI, Stanford University.
Oxford Insights. (2023). Government AI Readiness Index 2023. 47–53. https://oxfordinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/2023-Government-AI-Readiness-Index-2.pdf
Papyshev, G., & Yarime, M. (2023). The state’s role in governing artificial intelligence: development, control, and promotion through national strategies. Policy Design and Practice, 6(1), 79–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2022.2162252
Parkhurst, J. (2017). The Politics of Evidence. Routledge. London.
Paul, R. (2022). Can critical policy studies outsmart AI? Research agenda on artificial intelligence technologies and public policy. Critical Policy Studies, 16(4), 497–509. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2022.2123018
Pencheva, I., Esteve, M., & Mikhaylov, S. J. (2020). Big Data and AI - A transformational shift for government: So, what next for research? Public Policy And Administration, 35(1), 24–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952076718780537
Radu, R. (2021). Steering the governance of artificial intelligence: national strategies in perspective. Policy and Society, 40(2), 178–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2021.1929728
Rochefort, D. A., & Cobb, R. W. (1994). Problem definition: An emerging perspective. İçinde The Politics of problem definition: Shaping the policy agenda (ss. 1–31).
Sabatier, P., & Mazmanian, D. (1980). Conceptual framework, The implementation of public policy : A framework of analysis. Policy Studies Journal, 8(4), 538–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1980.tb01266.
Statista. (2023). One million users. https://www.statista.com/chart/29174/time-to-one-million-users/
Statista. (2024). The 100 largest companies in the world by market capitalization in 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/263264/top-companies-in-the-world-by-market-capitalization/
Su, Z., Togay, G., & Côté, A. M. (2021). Artificial intelligence: A destructive and yet creative force in the skilled labour market. Human Resource Development International, 24(3), 341–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2020.1818513
Susskind, R., & Susskind, D. (2015). The Future of the professions: How technology will transform the work of human experts. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713395.001.0001
Ubaldi, B., Le Fevre, E. M., Petrucci, E., Marchionni, P., Biancalana, C., Hiltunen, N., Intravaia, D. M., & Yang, C. (2019). State of the art in the use of emerging technologies in the public sector. Içinde OECD Working Papers on Public Governance (Sayı 31). https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/governance/state-of-the-art-in-the-use-of-emerging-technologies-in-the-public-sector_932780bc-en
Ulnicane, I., Knight, W., Leach, T., Stahl, B. C., & Wanjiku, W. G. (2021). Framing governance for a contested emerging technology:insights from AI policy. Policy and Society, 40(2), 158–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2020.1855800
UN DESA. (2023). SDGs Report 2023. İçinde The Sustainable development Goals Report 2023: Special Edition. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2023/
UNESCO. (2021). Reccomendations on the ethics of artificial intelligence (Sayı November). https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137
United Nations. (2023). Interim report: Governing AI for humanity. United Nations, December. https://www.un.org/en/ai-advisory-body
Uzun, M., Yıldız, M., & Önder, M. (2022). Big Questions of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Public Administration and Policy. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 31(2), 423–442. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1121900
Valle-Cruz, D., Alejandro Ruvalcaba-Gomez, E., Sandoval-Almazan, R., & Ignacio Criado, J. (2019). A review of artificial intelligence in government and its potential from a public policy perspective. Içinde Y. C. Chen, F. Salem, & A. Zuiderwijk (Ed.), Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (ss. 91–99). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3325112.3325242
Valle-Cruz, D., Criado, J. I., Sandoval-Almazán, R., & Ruvalcaba-Gomez, E. A. (2020). Assessing the public policy-cycle framework in the age of artificial intelligence: From agenda-setting to policy evaluation. Government Information Quarterly, 37(4), 101509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.101509
van Noordt, C., & Misuraca, G. (2022a). Exploratory insights on artificial intelligence for government in Europe. Social Science Computer Review, 40(2), 426–444. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439320980449
van Noordt, C., & Misuraca, G. (2022b). Exploratory Insights on Artificial Intelligence for Government in Europe. Social Science Computer Review, 40(2), 426–444. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439320980449
Vinuesa, R., Azizpour, H., Leite, I., Balaam, M., Dignum, V., Domisch, S., Felländer, A., Langhans, S. D., Tegmark, M., & Fuso Nerini, F. (2020). The role of artificial intelligence in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Nature Communications, 11(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14108-y
Vogl, T. M., Seidelin, C., Ganesh, B., & Bright, J. (2020). Smart technology and the emergence of algorithmic bureaucracy: Artificial intelligence in UK local authorities. Public Administration Review, 80(6), 946–961. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13286
Wirtz, B. W., & Müller, W. M. (2019). An integrated artificial intelligence framework for public management. Public Management Review, 21(7), 1076–1100. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1549268
Wirtz, B. W., Weyerer, J. C., & Geyer, C. (2019). Artificial intelligence and the public sector: Applications and challenges. International Journal of Public Administration, 42(7), 596–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2018.1498103
Wirtz, B. W., Weyerer, J. C., & Sturm, B. J. (2020). The dark sides of artificial intelligence: An integrated AI governance framework for public administration. International Journal of Public Administration, 43(9), 818–829. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2020.1749851
World Bank. (2024). GDP (Current US Dolars): All Countries and Economies. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). (2024). Generative artificial intelligence. İçinde Generative Artificial Intellligence Patent Landscape Report. https://doi.org/. https://doi.org/10.34667/tind.49740
Zahariadis, N. (2016). Handbook of public policy agenda setting. İçinde Handbook of Public Policy Agenda Setting. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784715922
Zuiderwijk, A., Chen, Y.-C., & Salem, F. (2021). Implications of the use of artificial intelligence in public governance: A systematic literature review and a research agenda. Government Information Quarterly, 38(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101577
