Pediatrik Obstrüktif Uyku Apne Sendromu ve Çocuk Diş Hekimlerinin Erken Tanıdaki Rolü
Özet
POUA, uyku sırasında tekrarlayan hava yolu tıkanıklıklarıyla karakterize edilir ve çocukların uyku kalitesini, büyümesini ve gelişimini olumsuz etkileyebilir. En yaygın neden adenotonsiller hipertrofi olup, obezite önemli bir risk faktörüdür. Çocuk diş hekimleri, POUA belirtilerini tanıyarak hastaları tıbbi birimlere yönlendirmede kritik bir rol oynar. Erken tanı ve müdahale, uzun vadeli sağlık sorunlarının önlenmesinde önemlidir ve diş hekimleri ile tıp uzmanları arasındaki işbirliği hasta sonuçlarını iyileştirebilir.
POUA is characterized by repeated episodes of airway obstruction during sleep, which can negatively impact a child's sleep quality, growth, and development. The most common cause is adenotonsillar hypertrophy, while obesity is a significant risk factor. Pediatric dentists are crucial in recognizing POUA symptoms and referring patients for medical evaluation, which can help prevent long-term complications. Early detection and intervention, particularly through interdisciplinary collaboration between dentists and medical professionals, are essential for improving patient outcomes.
Referanslar
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Policy on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Chicago, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2023:137-40.
Padmanablhan V, Kavitha PR, Hegde AM. Sleep disordered breathing in children-a review and the role of a pediatric dentist. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2010;35(1):15–21.
Sheldon S, Ferber R, Krygerm N, Gozal D. Principles and practice of pediatric sleep medicine. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014.
Katyal V, Pamula Y, Martin AJ, et al. Craniofacial and upper airway morphology in pediatric sleep-disordered breathing: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;143(1):20–30.
Isono, S. (2006). Developmental changes of pharyngeal airway patency: Implications for pediatric anesthesia. Pediatric anesthesia, 16(2).
Behrents RG, Shelgikar AV, Conley RS, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and orthodontics: an American association of orthodontists white paper. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2019;156(1):13–28.e1.
Marcus CL, Brooks LJ, Ward SD, Draper KA, Gozal D, Halbower AC, Jones J, Lehmann C, Schechter MS, Sheldon S, Shiffman RN. Diagnosis and management of childhood obstruc- tive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics. 2012;130(3):e714–55.
Tal A. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: pathophysiology and clinical characteristics. In: Principles and practice of pediatric sleep medicine. New York, NY: Elsevier; 2014. p. 215.
Tan H, Gozal D, Kheirandish-Gozal L. Obstructive sleep apnea in children: a critical update. Nat Sci Sleep. 2013;5:109–23.
American Dental Association. 2017. The role of dentistry in the treatment of sleep related breathing disorders. www.ada.org/~/media/ADA/Member%20Center/FIles/The-Role-of-Dentistry-in-Sleep-Related-Breathing-Disorders.pdf?la=en. Accessed 2 5 2019.
American Association of Orthodontists. White paper: obstructive sleep apnea and dontics. 2019. www.aaoinfo.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/sleep-apnea-white-paper-amended-March-2019.pdf. Assessed June 14, 2019.
Ozdemir H, Altin R, Söğüt A, et al. Craniofacial differences according to AHI scores of children with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: cephalometric study in 39 patients. Pediatr Radiol. 2004;34(5):393–399.
Kim JH, Guilleminault C. The nasomaxillary complex, the mandible, and sleep disordered breathing. Sleep Breath. 2011;15(2):185–193.
Galeotti A, Festa P, Viarani V, et al. Correlation between cephalometric variables and obstructive sleep apnoea severity in children. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2019;20(1):43–47.
Neelapu BC, Kharbanda OP, Sardana HK, et al. Craniofacial and upper airway morphology in adult obstructive sleep apnea patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cephalometric studies. Sleep Med Rev. 2017;31:79–90.
Ballanti F, Baldini A, Ranieri S, et al. Is there a correlation between nasal septum deviation and maxillary transversal deficiency? A retrospective study on prepubertal subjects. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;83:109–112.
Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Ogden CL. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and severe obesity among children and adolescents aged 2–19 years: United States, 1963–1965 through 2015–2016. National Center for Health Statistics. 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hes-tat/obesity_adult_15_16/obesity_adult_15_16.htm. Accessed 5 4 2021.
Andersen IG, Holm JC, Homøe P. Obstructive sleep apnea in children and adolescents with and without obesity. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;276(3):871–8.
Tauman R, Gozal D. Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea in children. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2006;7(4):247–59.
Xu Z, Jiaqing A, Yuchuan L, Shen K. A case-control study of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in obese and nonobese Chinese children. Chest. 2008;133(3):684–9.
Dayyat E, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Childhood obstructive sleep apnea: one or two distinct disease entities? Sleep Med Clin. 2007;2(3):433–44.
Arens R, Sin S, Nandalike K, Rieder J, Khan UI, Freeman K, Wylie-Rosett J, Lipton ML, Wootton DM, McDonough JM, Shifteh K. Upper airway structure and body fat composition in obese children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(6):782–7.
Kirkness JP, Schwartz AR, Schneider H, Punjabi NM, Maly JJ, Laffan AM, McGinley BM, Magnuson T, Schweitzer M, Smith PL, Patil SP. Contribution of male sex, age, and obesity to mechanical instability of the upper airway during sleep. J Appl Physiol. 2008;104(6):1618–24.
Cappuccio FP, Taggart FM, Kandala NB, Currie A, Peile E, Stranges S, Miller MA. Meta- analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep. 2008;31(5):619–26.
Li L, Zhang S, Huang Y, Chen K. Sleep duration and obesity in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Paediatr Child Health. 2017;53(4):378–85.
Costa DJ, Mitchell R. Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in obese children: a meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;140(4):455–60.
O’Brien LM, Sitha S, Baur LA, Waters KA. Obesity increases the risk for persisting obstructive sleep apnea after treatment in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70(9):1555–60.
Aurora RN, Zak RS, Karippot A, Lamm CI, Morgenthaler TI, Auerbach SH, Bista SR, Casey KR, Chowdhuri S, Kristo DA, Ramar K. Practice parameters for the respiratory indications for polysomnography in children. Sleep. 2011;34(3):379–88.
Huang YS, Guilleminault C. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: where do we stand? Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;80:136–44.
Bourke RS, Anderson V, Yang JS, Jackman AR, Killedar A, Nixon GM, Davey MJ, Walker AM, Trinder J, Horne RS. Neurobehavioral function is impaired in children with all severities of sleep disordered breathing. Sleep Med. 2011;12(3):222–9.
Archbold KH, Giordani B, Ruzicka DL, Chervin RD. Cognitive executive dysfunction in children with mild sleep-disordered breathing. Biol Res Nurs. 2004;5(3):168–76.
Galland BC, Dawes PJ, Tripp EG, Taylor BJ. Changes in behavior and attentional capacity after adenotonsillectomy. Pediatr Res. 2006;59(5):711–6.
Kennedy JD, Blunden S, Hirte C, Parsons DW, Martin AJ, Crowe E, Williams D, Pamula Y, Lushington K. Reduced neurocognition in children who snore. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004;37(4):330–7.
Melendres CS, Lutz JM, Rubin ED, Marcus CL. Daytime sleepiness and hyperactivity in children with suspected sleep-disordered breathing. Pediatrics. 2004;114(3):768–75.
Precenzano F, Ruberto M, Parisi L, Salerno M, Maltese A, D’alessandro IL, Della Valle I, Visco G, Magliulo RM, Messina G, Roccella M. ADHD-like symptoms in children affected by obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a case-control study. Acta Med Mediterr. 2016;1(32):1755–9.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disor- ders. 5th ed. Text Revision (DSM-5-TR); 2013. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books. 9780890425787.
Wolraich M, et al. ADHD: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on quality improvement. Pediatrics. 2011;128(5):1007–22.
Corkum P, Tannock R, Moldofsky H. Sleep disturbances in children with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998;37(6):637–46.
Chervin RD, Ruzicka DL, Archbold KH, Dillon JE. Snoring predicts hyperactivity four years later. Sleep. 2005;28(7):885–90.
Huang YS, Guilleminault C, Li HY, Yang CM, Wu YY, Chen NH. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with obstructive sleep apnea: a treatment outcome study. Sleep Med. 2007;8(1):18–30.
Garetz SL, Mitchell RB, Parker PD, Moore RH, Rosen CL, Giordani B, Muzumdar H, Paruthi S, Elden L, Willging P, Beebe DW. Quality of life and obstructive sleep apnea symptoms after pediatric adenotonsillectomy. Pediatrics. 2015;135(2):e477–86.
Marcus CL, Moore RH, Rosen CL, Giordani B, Garetz SL, Taylor HG, Mitchell RB, Amin R, Katz ES, Arens R, Paruthi S. A randomized trial of adenotonsillectomy for childhood sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2013;20(368):2366–76.
Fidan T, Fidan V. The impact of adenotonsillectomy on attention-deficit hyperactivity and disruptive behavioral symptoms. Eurasian J Med. 2008;40(1):14.
Gozal D. Sleep-disordered breathing and school performance in children. Pediatrics. 1998;102(3):616–20.
Philby MF, Macey PM, Ma RA, Kumar R, Gozal D, Kheirandish-Gozal L. Reduced regional grey matter volumes in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1–9.
Trosman I, Trosman SJ. Cognitive and behavioral consequences of sleep disordered breathing in children. Med Sci. 2017;5(4):30.
Urschitz MS, Guenther A, Eggebrecht E, Wolff J, Urschitz-Duprat PM, Schlaud M, Poets CF. Snoring, intermittent hypoxia and academic performance in primary school children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(4):464–8.
Bonuck K, Parikh S, Bassila M. Growth failure and sleep disordered breathing: a review of the literature. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70(5):769–78
Olsen EM. Failure to thrive: still a problem of definition. Clin Pediatr. 2006;45(1):1–6.
Keefe KR, Patel PN, Levi JR. The shifting relationship between weight and pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a historical review. Laryngoscope. 2019;129(10):2414–9.
Esteller E, Villatoro JC, Agüero A, Lopez R, Matiñó E, Argemi J, Girabent-Farrés M. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and growth failure. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;1(108):214–8.
Nevéus T. Nocturnal enuresis—theoretic background and practical guidelines. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26(8):1207–14.
Thiedke CC. Nocturnal enuresis. American family physician. 2003;67(7):1499–506.
Brooks LJ, Topol HI. Enuresis in children with sleep apnea. J Pediatr. 2003;142(5):515–8.
Shafiek H, Evangelisti M, Abd-Elwahab NH, Barreto M, Villa MP, Mahmoud MI. Obstructive sleep apnea in school-aged children presented with nocturnal enuresis. Lung. 2020;198(1):187–94.
Ferreira NM, Dos Santos JF, dos Santos MB, Marchini L. Sleep bruxism associated withobstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children. Cranio. 2015;33(4):251–5.
Machado E, Dal-Fabbro C, Cunali PA, Kaizer OB. Prevalence of sleep bruxism in children: a systematic review. Dental Press J Orthod. 2014;19(6):54–61.
Klasser GD, Rei N, Lavigne GJ. Sleep bruxism etiology: the evolution of a changing paradigm. J Can Dent Assoc. 2015;81:f2.
Oh JS, Zaghi S, Ghodousi N, Peterson C, Silva D, Lavigne GJ, Yoon AJ. Determinants of probable sleep bruxism in a pediatric mixed dentition population: a multivariate analysis of mouth vs. nasal breathing, tongue mobility, and tonsil size. Sleep Med. 2021;77:7–13.
Ginsburg D, Maken K, Deming D, Welch M, Fargo R, Kaur P, Terry M, Tinsley L, Ischander M. Etiologies of apnea of infancy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020;55(6):1495–502.
Smits MJ, van Wijk MP, Langendam MW, Benninga MA, Tabbers MM. Association between gastroesophageal reflux and pathologic apneas in infants: a systematic review. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2014;26(11):1527–38.
Mindell JA, Owens JA. A clinical guide to pediatric sleep: diagnosis and management of sleep problems. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2015.
Horton CE, Crawford HH, Adamson JE, Ashbell TS. Tongue-tie. Cleft Palate J. 1969;6:8–23.
Segal ML. Prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of ankyloglossia; methodologic review. Can Fam Physician. 2007;53(6):1027–33.
Schultz R, Feitis R. The endless web: fascial anatomy and physical reality. Berkeley, CA, USA: North Atlantic books; 2013. Lingual frenuloplasty with myofunctional therapy: exploring safety and efficacy in 348 cases. Laryngoscope Investig Orolaryngol. 2019;4(5):489–96.
Zaghi S, Shamtoob S, Peterson C, Christianson L, Valcu-Pinkerton S, Peeran Z, Fung B, Kwok-Keung Ng D, Jagomagi T, Archambault N, O'Connor B, Winslow K, Lano M, Murdock J, Morrissey L, Yoon A. Assessment of posterior tongue mobility using lingual- palatal suction: Progress towards a functional definition of ankyloglossia. J Oral Rehavil. 2021;48(6):692–700.
Bueno DA, Grechi TH, Trawitzki LV, Anselmo-Lima WT, Felicio CM, Valera FC. Muscular and functional changes following adenotonsillectomy in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;79(4):537–40.
Felicio CM, da Silva Dias FV, Trawitzki LV. Obstructive sleep apnea: focus on myofunctional therapy. Nat Sci Sleep. 2018;10:271–86.
Owens JA, Dalzell V. Use of the 'BEARS' sleep screening tool in a pediatric residents' continuity clinic: a pilot study. Sleep Med. 2005;6(1):63–9.
Wu CR, Tu YK, Chuang LP, Gordon C, Chen NH, Chen PY, Hasan F, Kurniasari MD, Susanty S, Chiu HY. Diagnostic meta-analysis of the pediatric sleep questionnaire, OSA-18, and pulse oximetry in detecting pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Med Rev. 2020;15:101355.
Canto GD, Singh V, Major MP, Witmans M, El-Hakim H, Major PW, Flores-Mir C. Diagnostic capability of questionnaires and clinical examinations to assess sleep-disordered breathing in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Dent Assoc. 2014;145(2):165–78.
Wiggs LD. Paediatric sleep disorders: the need for multidisciplinary sleep clinics. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2003;1254:185–90.
Walsh ME, Brabeck MM, Howard KA. Interprofessional collaboration in children’s services: toward a theoretical framework. J Child Serv. 1999;2:183–208.
Williams S, Witherspoon K, Kavsak P, Patterson C, McBlain J. Pediatric feeding and swallowing problems: an interdisciplinary team approach. Can J Nurs Res. 2006;67:185–90.
Robin NH, Baty H, Franklin J, Guyton FC, Mann J, Woolley AL, et al. The multidisciplinary evaluation and management of cleft lip and palate. South Med J. 2006;99:1111–20.
Williams J, Sharp GB, Griebel ML, Knabe MD, Spence GT, Weinberger N, et al. Outcome findings from a multidisciplinary clinic for children with epilepsy. Child Health Care. 1995;24:235–44.
Kaditis AG, Alonso Alvarez ML, Boudewyns A, et al. Obstructive sleep disordered breathing in 2- to 18-year-old children: Diagnosis and management. Eur Respir J 2016;47(1):69–94.
Verma SK, Maheshwari S, Sharma NK, et al. Role of oral health professional in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2010;1(1):35–40.
Referanslar
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Policy on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Chicago, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2023:137-40.
Padmanablhan V, Kavitha PR, Hegde AM. Sleep disordered breathing in children-a review and the role of a pediatric dentist. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2010;35(1):15–21.
Sheldon S, Ferber R, Krygerm N, Gozal D. Principles and practice of pediatric sleep medicine. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014.
Katyal V, Pamula Y, Martin AJ, et al. Craniofacial and upper airway morphology in pediatric sleep-disordered breathing: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;143(1):20–30.
Isono, S. (2006). Developmental changes of pharyngeal airway patency: Implications for pediatric anesthesia. Pediatric anesthesia, 16(2).
Behrents RG, Shelgikar AV, Conley RS, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and orthodontics: an American association of orthodontists white paper. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2019;156(1):13–28.e1.
Marcus CL, Brooks LJ, Ward SD, Draper KA, Gozal D, Halbower AC, Jones J, Lehmann C, Schechter MS, Sheldon S, Shiffman RN. Diagnosis and management of childhood obstruc- tive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics. 2012;130(3):e714–55.
Tal A. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: pathophysiology and clinical characteristics. In: Principles and practice of pediatric sleep medicine. New York, NY: Elsevier; 2014. p. 215.
Tan H, Gozal D, Kheirandish-Gozal L. Obstructive sleep apnea in children: a critical update. Nat Sci Sleep. 2013;5:109–23.
American Dental Association. 2017. The role of dentistry in the treatment of sleep related breathing disorders. www.ada.org/~/media/ADA/Member%20Center/FIles/The-Role-of-Dentistry-in-Sleep-Related-Breathing-Disorders.pdf?la=en. Accessed 2 5 2019.
American Association of Orthodontists. White paper: obstructive sleep apnea and dontics. 2019. www.aaoinfo.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/sleep-apnea-white-paper-amended-March-2019.pdf. Assessed June 14, 2019.
Ozdemir H, Altin R, Söğüt A, et al. Craniofacial differences according to AHI scores of children with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: cephalometric study in 39 patients. Pediatr Radiol. 2004;34(5):393–399.
Kim JH, Guilleminault C. The nasomaxillary complex, the mandible, and sleep disordered breathing. Sleep Breath. 2011;15(2):185–193.
Galeotti A, Festa P, Viarani V, et al. Correlation between cephalometric variables and obstructive sleep apnoea severity in children. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2019;20(1):43–47.
Neelapu BC, Kharbanda OP, Sardana HK, et al. Craniofacial and upper airway morphology in adult obstructive sleep apnea patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cephalometric studies. Sleep Med Rev. 2017;31:79–90.
Ballanti F, Baldini A, Ranieri S, et al. Is there a correlation between nasal septum deviation and maxillary transversal deficiency? A retrospective study on prepubertal subjects. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;83:109–112.
Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Ogden CL. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and severe obesity among children and adolescents aged 2–19 years: United States, 1963–1965 through 2015–2016. National Center for Health Statistics. 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hes-tat/obesity_adult_15_16/obesity_adult_15_16.htm. Accessed 5 4 2021.
Andersen IG, Holm JC, Homøe P. Obstructive sleep apnea in children and adolescents with and without obesity. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;276(3):871–8.
Tauman R, Gozal D. Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea in children. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2006;7(4):247–59.
Xu Z, Jiaqing A, Yuchuan L, Shen K. A case-control study of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in obese and nonobese Chinese children. Chest. 2008;133(3):684–9.
Dayyat E, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Childhood obstructive sleep apnea: one or two distinct disease entities? Sleep Med Clin. 2007;2(3):433–44.
Arens R, Sin S, Nandalike K, Rieder J, Khan UI, Freeman K, Wylie-Rosett J, Lipton ML, Wootton DM, McDonough JM, Shifteh K. Upper airway structure and body fat composition in obese children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(6):782–7.
Kirkness JP, Schwartz AR, Schneider H, Punjabi NM, Maly JJ, Laffan AM, McGinley BM, Magnuson T, Schweitzer M, Smith PL, Patil SP. Contribution of male sex, age, and obesity to mechanical instability of the upper airway during sleep. J Appl Physiol. 2008;104(6):1618–24.
Cappuccio FP, Taggart FM, Kandala NB, Currie A, Peile E, Stranges S, Miller MA. Meta- analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep. 2008;31(5):619–26.
Li L, Zhang S, Huang Y, Chen K. Sleep duration and obesity in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Paediatr Child Health. 2017;53(4):378–85.
Costa DJ, Mitchell R. Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in obese children: a meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;140(4):455–60.
O’Brien LM, Sitha S, Baur LA, Waters KA. Obesity increases the risk for persisting obstructive sleep apnea after treatment in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70(9):1555–60.
Aurora RN, Zak RS, Karippot A, Lamm CI, Morgenthaler TI, Auerbach SH, Bista SR, Casey KR, Chowdhuri S, Kristo DA, Ramar K. Practice parameters for the respiratory indications for polysomnography in children. Sleep. 2011;34(3):379–88.
Huang YS, Guilleminault C. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: where do we stand? Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;80:136–44.
Bourke RS, Anderson V, Yang JS, Jackman AR, Killedar A, Nixon GM, Davey MJ, Walker AM, Trinder J, Horne RS. Neurobehavioral function is impaired in children with all severities of sleep disordered breathing. Sleep Med. 2011;12(3):222–9.
Archbold KH, Giordani B, Ruzicka DL, Chervin RD. Cognitive executive dysfunction in children with mild sleep-disordered breathing. Biol Res Nurs. 2004;5(3):168–76.
Galland BC, Dawes PJ, Tripp EG, Taylor BJ. Changes in behavior and attentional capacity after adenotonsillectomy. Pediatr Res. 2006;59(5):711–6.
Kennedy JD, Blunden S, Hirte C, Parsons DW, Martin AJ, Crowe E, Williams D, Pamula Y, Lushington K. Reduced neurocognition in children who snore. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004;37(4):330–7.
Melendres CS, Lutz JM, Rubin ED, Marcus CL. Daytime sleepiness and hyperactivity in children with suspected sleep-disordered breathing. Pediatrics. 2004;114(3):768–75.
Precenzano F, Ruberto M, Parisi L, Salerno M, Maltese A, D’alessandro IL, Della Valle I, Visco G, Magliulo RM, Messina G, Roccella M. ADHD-like symptoms in children affected by obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a case-control study. Acta Med Mediterr. 2016;1(32):1755–9.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disor- ders. 5th ed. Text Revision (DSM-5-TR); 2013. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books. 9780890425787.
Wolraich M, et al. ADHD: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on quality improvement. Pediatrics. 2011;128(5):1007–22.
Corkum P, Tannock R, Moldofsky H. Sleep disturbances in children with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998;37(6):637–46.
Chervin RD, Ruzicka DL, Archbold KH, Dillon JE. Snoring predicts hyperactivity four years later. Sleep. 2005;28(7):885–90.
Huang YS, Guilleminault C, Li HY, Yang CM, Wu YY, Chen NH. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with obstructive sleep apnea: a treatment outcome study. Sleep Med. 2007;8(1):18–30.
Garetz SL, Mitchell RB, Parker PD, Moore RH, Rosen CL, Giordani B, Muzumdar H, Paruthi S, Elden L, Willging P, Beebe DW. Quality of life and obstructive sleep apnea symptoms after pediatric adenotonsillectomy. Pediatrics. 2015;135(2):e477–86.
Marcus CL, Moore RH, Rosen CL, Giordani B, Garetz SL, Taylor HG, Mitchell RB, Amin R, Katz ES, Arens R, Paruthi S. A randomized trial of adenotonsillectomy for childhood sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2013;20(368):2366–76.
Fidan T, Fidan V. The impact of adenotonsillectomy on attention-deficit hyperactivity and disruptive behavioral symptoms. Eurasian J Med. 2008;40(1):14.
Gozal D. Sleep-disordered breathing and school performance in children. Pediatrics. 1998;102(3):616–20.
Philby MF, Macey PM, Ma RA, Kumar R, Gozal D, Kheirandish-Gozal L. Reduced regional grey matter volumes in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1–9.
Trosman I, Trosman SJ. Cognitive and behavioral consequences of sleep disordered breathing in children. Med Sci. 2017;5(4):30.
Urschitz MS, Guenther A, Eggebrecht E, Wolff J, Urschitz-Duprat PM, Schlaud M, Poets CF. Snoring, intermittent hypoxia and academic performance in primary school children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(4):464–8.
Bonuck K, Parikh S, Bassila M. Growth failure and sleep disordered breathing: a review of the literature. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70(5):769–78
Olsen EM. Failure to thrive: still a problem of definition. Clin Pediatr. 2006;45(1):1–6.
Keefe KR, Patel PN, Levi JR. The shifting relationship between weight and pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a historical review. Laryngoscope. 2019;129(10):2414–9.
Esteller E, Villatoro JC, Agüero A, Lopez R, Matiñó E, Argemi J, Girabent-Farrés M. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and growth failure. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;1(108):214–8.
Nevéus T. Nocturnal enuresis—theoretic background and practical guidelines. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26(8):1207–14.
Thiedke CC. Nocturnal enuresis. American family physician. 2003;67(7):1499–506.
Brooks LJ, Topol HI. Enuresis in children with sleep apnea. J Pediatr. 2003;142(5):515–8.
Shafiek H, Evangelisti M, Abd-Elwahab NH, Barreto M, Villa MP, Mahmoud MI. Obstructive sleep apnea in school-aged children presented with nocturnal enuresis. Lung. 2020;198(1):187–94.
Ferreira NM, Dos Santos JF, dos Santos MB, Marchini L. Sleep bruxism associated withobstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children. Cranio. 2015;33(4):251–5.
Machado E, Dal-Fabbro C, Cunali PA, Kaizer OB. Prevalence of sleep bruxism in children: a systematic review. Dental Press J Orthod. 2014;19(6):54–61.
Klasser GD, Rei N, Lavigne GJ. Sleep bruxism etiology: the evolution of a changing paradigm. J Can Dent Assoc. 2015;81:f2.
Oh JS, Zaghi S, Ghodousi N, Peterson C, Silva D, Lavigne GJ, Yoon AJ. Determinants of probable sleep bruxism in a pediatric mixed dentition population: a multivariate analysis of mouth vs. nasal breathing, tongue mobility, and tonsil size. Sleep Med. 2021;77:7–13.
Ginsburg D, Maken K, Deming D, Welch M, Fargo R, Kaur P, Terry M, Tinsley L, Ischander M. Etiologies of apnea of infancy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020;55(6):1495–502.
Smits MJ, van Wijk MP, Langendam MW, Benninga MA, Tabbers MM. Association between gastroesophageal reflux and pathologic apneas in infants: a systematic review. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2014;26(11):1527–38.
Mindell JA, Owens JA. A clinical guide to pediatric sleep: diagnosis and management of sleep problems. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2015.
Horton CE, Crawford HH, Adamson JE, Ashbell TS. Tongue-tie. Cleft Palate J. 1969;6:8–23.
Segal ML. Prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of ankyloglossia; methodologic review. Can Fam Physician. 2007;53(6):1027–33.
Schultz R, Feitis R. The endless web: fascial anatomy and physical reality. Berkeley, CA, USA: North Atlantic books; 2013. Lingual frenuloplasty with myofunctional therapy: exploring safety and efficacy in 348 cases. Laryngoscope Investig Orolaryngol. 2019;4(5):489–96.
Zaghi S, Shamtoob S, Peterson C, Christianson L, Valcu-Pinkerton S, Peeran Z, Fung B, Kwok-Keung Ng D, Jagomagi T, Archambault N, O'Connor B, Winslow K, Lano M, Murdock J, Morrissey L, Yoon A. Assessment of posterior tongue mobility using lingual- palatal suction: Progress towards a functional definition of ankyloglossia. J Oral Rehavil. 2021;48(6):692–700.
Bueno DA, Grechi TH, Trawitzki LV, Anselmo-Lima WT, Felicio CM, Valera FC. Muscular and functional changes following adenotonsillectomy in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;79(4):537–40.
Felicio CM, da Silva Dias FV, Trawitzki LV. Obstructive sleep apnea: focus on myofunctional therapy. Nat Sci Sleep. 2018;10:271–86.
Owens JA, Dalzell V. Use of the 'BEARS' sleep screening tool in a pediatric residents' continuity clinic: a pilot study. Sleep Med. 2005;6(1):63–9.
Wu CR, Tu YK, Chuang LP, Gordon C, Chen NH, Chen PY, Hasan F, Kurniasari MD, Susanty S, Chiu HY. Diagnostic meta-analysis of the pediatric sleep questionnaire, OSA-18, and pulse oximetry in detecting pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Med Rev. 2020;15:101355.
Canto GD, Singh V, Major MP, Witmans M, El-Hakim H, Major PW, Flores-Mir C. Diagnostic capability of questionnaires and clinical examinations to assess sleep-disordered breathing in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Dent Assoc. 2014;145(2):165–78.
Wiggs LD. Paediatric sleep disorders: the need for multidisciplinary sleep clinics. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2003;1254:185–90.
Walsh ME, Brabeck MM, Howard KA. Interprofessional collaboration in children’s services: toward a theoretical framework. J Child Serv. 1999;2:183–208.
Williams S, Witherspoon K, Kavsak P, Patterson C, McBlain J. Pediatric feeding and swallowing problems: an interdisciplinary team approach. Can J Nurs Res. 2006;67:185–90.
Robin NH, Baty H, Franklin J, Guyton FC, Mann J, Woolley AL, et al. The multidisciplinary evaluation and management of cleft lip and palate. South Med J. 2006;99:1111–20.
Williams J, Sharp GB, Griebel ML, Knabe MD, Spence GT, Weinberger N, et al. Outcome findings from a multidisciplinary clinic for children with epilepsy. Child Health Care. 1995;24:235–44.
Kaditis AG, Alonso Alvarez ML, Boudewyns A, et al. Obstructive sleep disordered breathing in 2- to 18-year-old children: Diagnosis and management. Eur Respir J 2016;47(1):69–94.
Verma SK, Maheshwari S, Sharma NK, et al. Role of oral health professional in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2010;1(1):35–40.
