Çocuk Diş Hekimliğinde Çocuk İstismar ile İhmalinin Belirti ve Risklerinin Değerlendirilmesi
Özet
Çocuk istismarı ve ihmali, çocukların fiziksel, ruhsal ve sosyal gelişimini olumsuz etkileyen önemli bir toplumsal sorundur. İstismarın fiziksel belirtileri sıklıkla orofasiyal bölge (ağız, yüz ve çene bölgesi) üzerinde görülür. Çocuk diş hekimleri, çocukların baş ve yüz bölgelerinde oluşan yaralanmaları erken dönemde fark edebilir. Ayrıca çocuğun temel fiziksel ve duygusal ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmaması olarak tanımlanan çocuk ihmali durumları ile de (çocuğun yeterli beslenememesi, tıbbi bakımının ihmal edilmesi) rutin muayene ve işlemler sırasında sıklıkla karşılaşabilir. Türkiye'de diş hekimlerinin istismarı bildirme yükümlülüğü bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle çocuk diş hekimleri, çocuk istismarı ve ihmali vakalarında kritik rollerinin farkında olmalı ve bu konularda yeterli bilgi ve farkındalık düzeyine sahip olmalıdır.
Child abuse and neglect are significant societal issues that negatively affect the physical, psychological, and social development of children. Physical signs of abuse are often seen in the orofacial region (mouth, face, and jaw area). Pediatric dentists can detect injuries in the head and face regions of children at an early stage. Additionally, cases of child neglect, defined as the failure to meet the child’s basic physical and emotional needs (such as inadequate nutrition or neglected medical care), are frequently encountered during routine examinations and procedures. In Turkey, dentists are legally required to report abuse. Therefore, pediatric dentists should be aware of their critical role in cases of child abuse and neglect and should possess sufficient knowledge and awareness on these issues.
Referanslar
Yaşar ZF, Akduman GG. 2007. Çocuk ihmali-istismarı ve adli diş hekimliği. TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik Bülteni 6: 389-94
Kara B, Biçer Ü, Gökalp AS. 2004. Çocuk istismarı. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi. 47 (2): 140-51
Koç O, Ünlü Çeber Ç, Ergüt İK. 2021. Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmtler Bakanlığı'nın Çocuk İhmali ve İstismarı Konusuna Kurumsal Yaklaşımı.
Organization W. 2002. World Report on Violence and Health.
WHO. 2016. Child maltreatment.
Tsang A, Sweet D. 1999. Detecting child abuse and neglect-are dentists doing enough? Journal-Canadian Dental Association 65: 387-91
N C, G C. 2021. İstismar ve İhmal Olgularında Adli Rapor Yazımı. In Çocuk İstismar ve İhmali, pp. 67-71. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri Yayınevi
Valente LA, Dalledone M, Pizzatto E, Zaiter W, Souza JFd, Losso EM. 2015. Domestic violence against children and adolescents: prevalence of physical injuries in a southern Brazilian metropolis. Brazilian dental journal 26: 55-60
Manea S, Favero G, Stellini E, Romoli L, Mazzucato M, Facchin P. 2007. Dentists' perceptions, attitudes, knowledge, and experience about child abuse and neglect in northeast Italy. Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry 32: 19-26
Polat O. 2019. Tüm Boyutlarıyla Çocuk İstismarı-1. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık
Butchart A, Phinney Harvey, A. M, M. , Fürniss T. 2006. Preventing maltreatment: Child a guide to taking action and generating evidence. In World Health Organization, ed. T Kahane
Roche AJ, Fortin G, Labbé J, Brown J, Chadwick D. 2005. The work of Ambroise Tardieu: the first definitive description of child abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect 29: 325-34
Kempe CH, Silverman FN, Steele BF, Droegemueller W, Silver HK. 1962. The battered-child syndrome. Jama 181: 17-24
Polat O. 2002. Çocuk Hakları Nedir? , pp. 5-39. İstanbul: Analiz Yayınları
Can M, Tırtıl L, Dokgöz H. 2011. Çocuk istismarı olgularında hekim sorumluluğu. Birinci Basamakta Adli Tıp 2: 181-91
Dilaveroğlu A. 2021. ÇOCUK HAKLARININ KORUNMASINDA KAMU DENETÇİLİĞİ KURUMU'NUN ROLÜ. Ombudsman Akademik 8: 103-33
World Health Organization. Child Maltreatment.
Agirtan CA, Akar T, Akbas S, Akdur R, Aydin C, Aytar G, Ayyıldız S, Baskan S, Belgemen T, Bezirci O. 2009. Establishment of interdisciplinary child protection teams in Turkey 2002–2006: Identifying the strongest link can make a difference! Child Abuse & Neglect 33: 247-55
Hizmetler TBS, Kurumu ÇE, UNICEF. 2010. Türkiye’de çocuk istismarı ve aile içi şiddet araştırması. Ankara: SHÇEK
Organization WH. 2006. Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence: World Health Organization
Saunders BJ, Goddard C. 2009. Physical punishment in childhood: The rights of the child: John Wiley & Sons
Uğurlu Z, Gülsen İ. 2014. ÇOCUK HAKLARI VE HUKUKİ BAĞLAMDA ÇOCUĞUN İHMAL VE İSTİSMARDAN KORUNMASI. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi 1: 1-24
Yıldırım Sarı H, Ardahan Akgül E, Oztornacı B. 2016. Systematic reviews about child abuse and neglect in last 10 years. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin 15: 501
Durrant JE, Stewart-Tufescu A, Afifi TO. 2020. Recognizing the child’s right to protection from physical violence: An update on progress and a call to action. Child Abuse & Neglect 110: 104297
Runyan D, May-Chahal C, Ikeda R, Hassan F, Ramiro L. 2002. Child Maltreatment. pp. 59-86
Blangis F, Allali S, Cohen JF, Vabres N, Adamsbaum C, Rey-Salmon C, Werner A, Refes Y, Adnot P, Gras-Le Guen C. 2021. Variations in guidelines for diagnosis of child physical abuse in high-income countries: a systematic review. JAMA network open 4: e2129068-e
Meadow R. 1977. Munchausen syndrome by proxy the hinterland of child abuse. The Lancet 310: 343-5
Polat O. 2017. Tüm boyutlarıyla çocuk istismarı 1: Tanımlar. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık
Amar A, Sekula LK. 2015. A practical guide to forensic nursing: incorporating forensic principles into nursing practice: Sigma Theta Tau
Radford L, Corral S, Bradley C, Fisher H, Bassett C, Howat N, Collishaw S. 2011. Child abuse and neglect in the UK today.
Jacobi G, Bratzke H. 2008. Kindesmisshandlung und Vernachlässigung: Epidemiologie, Diagnostik und Vorgehen: Huber
Noeker M, Keller K-M. 2002. Münchhausen-by-proxy-Syndrom als Kindesmisshandlung. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 150: 1357-69
Herrmann B. 2008. Nichtakzidentelle Kopfverletzungen und Schütteltrauma. Rechtsmedizin 18: 9-16
Debertin A, Sperhake J. 2008. Untersuchung und dokumentation des nichtakzidentellen schädel-hirn-traumas im säuglings-und kleinkindalter. Rechtsmedizin 1: 17-22
Matschke J, Glatzel M. 2008. Neuropathologische Begutachtung des nichtakzidentellen Schädel-Hirn-Traumas bei Säuglingen und Kleinkindern. Rechtsmedizin 1: 29-35
Matschke J, Herrmann B, Sperhake J, Körber F, Bajanowski T, Glatzel M. 2009. Shaken baby syndrome: a common variant of non-accidental head injury in infants. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 106: 211
Bajanowski T, Neuen-Jacob E, Schubries M, Zweihoff R. 2008. Nichtakzidentelles schädel-hirn-trauma und schütteltrauma. Rechtsmedizin 1: 23-8
Jacobi G, Dettmeyer R, Banaschak S, Brosig B, Herrmann B. 2010. Child abuse and neglect: diagnosis and management. Deutsches Arzteblatt International 107: 231
Şahin F, Taşar MA. 2012. Sarsılmış bebek sendromu ve önleme programları. Türk Pediatri Arşivi 47: 152-8
Avşar A, Karanfil R, Keten A. 2014. Çocukta fiziksel istismar sonucu ölüm: Olgu sunumu. Adli Tıp Dergisi 28: 287-93
Sheets LK, Leach ME, Koszewski IJ, Lessmeier AM, Nugent M, Simpson P. 2013. Sentinel injuries in infants evaluated for child physical abuse. Pediatrics 131: 701-7
Petska HW, Sheets LK. 2014. Sentinel injuries: subtle findings of physical abuse. Pediatric Clinics 61: 923-35
Maguire S, Mann MK, Sibert J, Kemp A. 2005. Are there patterns of bruising in childhood which are diagnostic or suggestive of abuse? A systematic review. Archives of Disease in Childhood 90: 182-6
Sugar NF, Taylor JA, Feldman KW. 1999. Bruises in infants and toddlers: those who don't cruise rarely bruise. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 153: 399-403
Gürhan N. 2015. Her Yönüyle Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmali (Sağlık-Yasa-Eğitim ve Aile Boyutu). Ankara: Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevi
Christian CW, Abuse CoC, Neglect. 2015. The evaluation of suspected child physical abuse. Pediatrics 135: e20150356
Yalçın N. 2011. Türkiye‟ de Çocuk İstismarı ve Çözüm Önerileri, Beykent Üniversitesi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı, Hastane ve Sağlık …
Andressen J, Andressen F, Andersson L. 2010. Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth. London: Wiley – Blackwell
Thompson LA, Tavares M, Ferguson-Young D, Ogle O, Halpern LR. 2013. Violence and abuse: core competencies for identification and access to care. Dental Clinics 57: 281-99
Naidoo S. 2000. A profile of the oro-facial injuries in child physical abuse at a children’s hospital. Child abuse & neglect 24: 521-34
Fisher-Owens SA, Lukefahr JL, Tate AR, Krol D, Braun P, Gereige R, Jacob L, Karp J, Flaherty EG, Idzerda SM. 2017. Oral and dental aspects of child abuse and neglect. Pediatrics 140
Maguire S, Hunter B, Hunter L, Sibert JR, Mann M, Kemp AM. 2007. Diagnosing abuse: a systematic review of torn frenum and other intra-oral injuries. Archives of disease in childhood 92: 1113-7
McNeese MC, Hebeler JR. 1977. The abused child: a clinical approach to identification and management: CIBA Pharmaceutical Company
Mathur S, Chopra R. 2013. Combating child abuse: the role of a dentist. Oral health & preventive dentistry 11
Wulczyn F. 2009. Epidemiological perspectives on maltreatment prevention. The Future of Children: 39-66
Levin AV, Sheridan MS. 1995. Munchausen syndrome by proxy: issuses in diagnosis and treatment. (No Title)
Flaherty E. 2010. Stirling J Jr American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. Clinical report—the pediatrician’s role in child maltreatment prevention. Pediatrics 126: 833-41
Finkelhor D, Turner HA, Shattuck A, Hamby SL. 2013. Violence, crime, and abuse exposure in a national sample of children and youth: An update. JAMA pediatrics 167: 614-21
2021. Child Welfare Information Gateway. Child abuse and neglect fatalities 2019: statistics and interventions.
Wu SS, Ma C-X, Carter RL, Ariet M, Feaver EA, Resnick MB, Roth J. 2004. Risk factors for infant maltreatment: a population-based study. Child abuse & neglect 28: 1253-64
Hibbard RA, Desch LW, Abuse CoC, Neglect, Disabilities CoCW. 2007. Maltreatment of children with disabilities. Pediatrics 119: 1018-25
Schnitzer PG, Ewigman BG. 2005. Child deaths resulting from inflicted injuries: household risk factors and perpetrator characteristics. Pediatrics 116: e687-e93
WHO. 1999. Report of the consultation on child abuse prevention, 29-31 March 1999, WHO, Geneva, World Health Organization
Browne K, Pinheiro P. 2006. Violence againist children in the home and family. In World Report on Violence Against Children: Secretary General's Study on Violence against Children
Salim Rayman RDH M, Dincer E, Khalid Almas B. 2013. Child abuse: concerns for oral health practitioners. New York state dental journal 79: 30
Abuse CoC, Neglect. 1999. Guidelines for the evaluation of sexual abuse of children: subject review. Pediatrics 103: 186-91
Tirali R, Yener O, Soydan S. 2015. Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmalinin Oral Bulguları. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi 24: 154-7
Garrocho-Rangel A, Márquez-Preciado R, Olguín-Vivar A-I, Ruiz-Rodríguez S, Pozos-Guillén A. 2015. Dentist attitudes and responsibilities concerning child sexual abuse. A review and a case report. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry 7: e428
Horozgil D. 2011. Çocukların cinsel istismarı suçunun basit şekli (TCK m. 103/1). Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi: 108-46
Sözen Ş, Aksoy E. 2011. Cinsel saldırılarda hekim sorumluluğu, tıbbi ve hukuki yaklaşım. Birinci Basamakta Adli Tıp: 202-16
Crow T, Cross D, Powers A, Bradley B. 2014. Emotion dysregulation as a mediator between childhood emotional abuse and current depression in a low-income African-American sample. Child abuse & neglect 38: 1590-8
Chapman DP, Whitfield CL, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Edwards VJ, Anda RF. 2004. Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of affective disorders 82: 217-25
Dupare R, Kumar P, Datta S, Dupare A. 2012. Identifying the dirty secret of child abuse through dentistry. Indian J Forensic Odontol 5: 11-6
UNICEF. Türkiye Temsilciliği. Çocuk istismarı ve ihmali.
AAPD. 2010. Child Abuse Committee: Definitions, Oral Health Policies and Clinical Guidelines. Definition of Dental Neglect,.
Reisine ST. 1985. Dental health and public policy: the social impact of dental disease. American Journal of Public Health 75: 27-30
Low W, Tan S, Schwartz S. 1999. The effect of severe caries on the quality of life in young children. Pediatric dentistry 21: 325-6
Referanslar
Yaşar ZF, Akduman GG. 2007. Çocuk ihmali-istismarı ve adli diş hekimliği. TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik Bülteni 6: 389-94
Kara B, Biçer Ü, Gökalp AS. 2004. Çocuk istismarı. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi. 47 (2): 140-51
Koç O, Ünlü Çeber Ç, Ergüt İK. 2021. Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmtler Bakanlığı'nın Çocuk İhmali ve İstismarı Konusuna Kurumsal Yaklaşımı.
Organization W. 2002. World Report on Violence and Health.
WHO. 2016. Child maltreatment.
Tsang A, Sweet D. 1999. Detecting child abuse and neglect-are dentists doing enough? Journal-Canadian Dental Association 65: 387-91
N C, G C. 2021. İstismar ve İhmal Olgularında Adli Rapor Yazımı. In Çocuk İstismar ve İhmali, pp. 67-71. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri Yayınevi
Valente LA, Dalledone M, Pizzatto E, Zaiter W, Souza JFd, Losso EM. 2015. Domestic violence against children and adolescents: prevalence of physical injuries in a southern Brazilian metropolis. Brazilian dental journal 26: 55-60
Manea S, Favero G, Stellini E, Romoli L, Mazzucato M, Facchin P. 2007. Dentists' perceptions, attitudes, knowledge, and experience about child abuse and neglect in northeast Italy. Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry 32: 19-26
Polat O. 2019. Tüm Boyutlarıyla Çocuk İstismarı-1. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık
Butchart A, Phinney Harvey, A. M, M. , Fürniss T. 2006. Preventing maltreatment: Child a guide to taking action and generating evidence. In World Health Organization, ed. T Kahane
Roche AJ, Fortin G, Labbé J, Brown J, Chadwick D. 2005. The work of Ambroise Tardieu: the first definitive description of child abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect 29: 325-34
Kempe CH, Silverman FN, Steele BF, Droegemueller W, Silver HK. 1962. The battered-child syndrome. Jama 181: 17-24
Polat O. 2002. Çocuk Hakları Nedir? , pp. 5-39. İstanbul: Analiz Yayınları
Can M, Tırtıl L, Dokgöz H. 2011. Çocuk istismarı olgularında hekim sorumluluğu. Birinci Basamakta Adli Tıp 2: 181-91
Dilaveroğlu A. 2021. ÇOCUK HAKLARININ KORUNMASINDA KAMU DENETÇİLİĞİ KURUMU'NUN ROLÜ. Ombudsman Akademik 8: 103-33
World Health Organization. Child Maltreatment.
Agirtan CA, Akar T, Akbas S, Akdur R, Aydin C, Aytar G, Ayyıldız S, Baskan S, Belgemen T, Bezirci O. 2009. Establishment of interdisciplinary child protection teams in Turkey 2002–2006: Identifying the strongest link can make a difference! Child Abuse & Neglect 33: 247-55
Hizmetler TBS, Kurumu ÇE, UNICEF. 2010. Türkiye’de çocuk istismarı ve aile içi şiddet araştırması. Ankara: SHÇEK
Organization WH. 2006. Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence: World Health Organization
Saunders BJ, Goddard C. 2009. Physical punishment in childhood: The rights of the child: John Wiley & Sons
Uğurlu Z, Gülsen İ. 2014. ÇOCUK HAKLARI VE HUKUKİ BAĞLAMDA ÇOCUĞUN İHMAL VE İSTİSMARDAN KORUNMASI. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi 1: 1-24
Yıldırım Sarı H, Ardahan Akgül E, Oztornacı B. 2016. Systematic reviews about child abuse and neglect in last 10 years. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin 15: 501
Durrant JE, Stewart-Tufescu A, Afifi TO. 2020. Recognizing the child’s right to protection from physical violence: An update on progress and a call to action. Child Abuse & Neglect 110: 104297
Runyan D, May-Chahal C, Ikeda R, Hassan F, Ramiro L. 2002. Child Maltreatment. pp. 59-86
Blangis F, Allali S, Cohen JF, Vabres N, Adamsbaum C, Rey-Salmon C, Werner A, Refes Y, Adnot P, Gras-Le Guen C. 2021. Variations in guidelines for diagnosis of child physical abuse in high-income countries: a systematic review. JAMA network open 4: e2129068-e
Meadow R. 1977. Munchausen syndrome by proxy the hinterland of child abuse. The Lancet 310: 343-5
Polat O. 2017. Tüm boyutlarıyla çocuk istismarı 1: Tanımlar. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık
Amar A, Sekula LK. 2015. A practical guide to forensic nursing: incorporating forensic principles into nursing practice: Sigma Theta Tau
Radford L, Corral S, Bradley C, Fisher H, Bassett C, Howat N, Collishaw S. 2011. Child abuse and neglect in the UK today.
Jacobi G, Bratzke H. 2008. Kindesmisshandlung und Vernachlässigung: Epidemiologie, Diagnostik und Vorgehen: Huber
Noeker M, Keller K-M. 2002. Münchhausen-by-proxy-Syndrom als Kindesmisshandlung. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 150: 1357-69
Herrmann B. 2008. Nichtakzidentelle Kopfverletzungen und Schütteltrauma. Rechtsmedizin 18: 9-16
Debertin A, Sperhake J. 2008. Untersuchung und dokumentation des nichtakzidentellen schädel-hirn-traumas im säuglings-und kleinkindalter. Rechtsmedizin 1: 17-22
Matschke J, Glatzel M. 2008. Neuropathologische Begutachtung des nichtakzidentellen Schädel-Hirn-Traumas bei Säuglingen und Kleinkindern. Rechtsmedizin 1: 29-35
Matschke J, Herrmann B, Sperhake J, Körber F, Bajanowski T, Glatzel M. 2009. Shaken baby syndrome: a common variant of non-accidental head injury in infants. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 106: 211
Bajanowski T, Neuen-Jacob E, Schubries M, Zweihoff R. 2008. Nichtakzidentelles schädel-hirn-trauma und schütteltrauma. Rechtsmedizin 1: 23-8
Jacobi G, Dettmeyer R, Banaschak S, Brosig B, Herrmann B. 2010. Child abuse and neglect: diagnosis and management. Deutsches Arzteblatt International 107: 231
Şahin F, Taşar MA. 2012. Sarsılmış bebek sendromu ve önleme programları. Türk Pediatri Arşivi 47: 152-8
Avşar A, Karanfil R, Keten A. 2014. Çocukta fiziksel istismar sonucu ölüm: Olgu sunumu. Adli Tıp Dergisi 28: 287-93
Sheets LK, Leach ME, Koszewski IJ, Lessmeier AM, Nugent M, Simpson P. 2013. Sentinel injuries in infants evaluated for child physical abuse. Pediatrics 131: 701-7
Petska HW, Sheets LK. 2014. Sentinel injuries: subtle findings of physical abuse. Pediatric Clinics 61: 923-35
Maguire S, Mann MK, Sibert J, Kemp A. 2005. Are there patterns of bruising in childhood which are diagnostic or suggestive of abuse? A systematic review. Archives of Disease in Childhood 90: 182-6
Sugar NF, Taylor JA, Feldman KW. 1999. Bruises in infants and toddlers: those who don't cruise rarely bruise. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 153: 399-403
Gürhan N. 2015. Her Yönüyle Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmali (Sağlık-Yasa-Eğitim ve Aile Boyutu). Ankara: Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevi
Christian CW, Abuse CoC, Neglect. 2015. The evaluation of suspected child physical abuse. Pediatrics 135: e20150356
Yalçın N. 2011. Türkiye‟ de Çocuk İstismarı ve Çözüm Önerileri, Beykent Üniversitesi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı, Hastane ve Sağlık …
Andressen J, Andressen F, Andersson L. 2010. Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth. London: Wiley – Blackwell
Thompson LA, Tavares M, Ferguson-Young D, Ogle O, Halpern LR. 2013. Violence and abuse: core competencies for identification and access to care. Dental Clinics 57: 281-99
Naidoo S. 2000. A profile of the oro-facial injuries in child physical abuse at a children’s hospital. Child abuse & neglect 24: 521-34
Fisher-Owens SA, Lukefahr JL, Tate AR, Krol D, Braun P, Gereige R, Jacob L, Karp J, Flaherty EG, Idzerda SM. 2017. Oral and dental aspects of child abuse and neglect. Pediatrics 140
Maguire S, Hunter B, Hunter L, Sibert JR, Mann M, Kemp AM. 2007. Diagnosing abuse: a systematic review of torn frenum and other intra-oral injuries. Archives of disease in childhood 92: 1113-7
McNeese MC, Hebeler JR. 1977. The abused child: a clinical approach to identification and management: CIBA Pharmaceutical Company
Mathur S, Chopra R. 2013. Combating child abuse: the role of a dentist. Oral health & preventive dentistry 11
Wulczyn F. 2009. Epidemiological perspectives on maltreatment prevention. The Future of Children: 39-66
Levin AV, Sheridan MS. 1995. Munchausen syndrome by proxy: issuses in diagnosis and treatment. (No Title)
Flaherty E. 2010. Stirling J Jr American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. Clinical report—the pediatrician’s role in child maltreatment prevention. Pediatrics 126: 833-41
Finkelhor D, Turner HA, Shattuck A, Hamby SL. 2013. Violence, crime, and abuse exposure in a national sample of children and youth: An update. JAMA pediatrics 167: 614-21
2021. Child Welfare Information Gateway. Child abuse and neglect fatalities 2019: statistics and interventions.
Wu SS, Ma C-X, Carter RL, Ariet M, Feaver EA, Resnick MB, Roth J. 2004. Risk factors for infant maltreatment: a population-based study. Child abuse & neglect 28: 1253-64
Hibbard RA, Desch LW, Abuse CoC, Neglect, Disabilities CoCW. 2007. Maltreatment of children with disabilities. Pediatrics 119: 1018-25
Schnitzer PG, Ewigman BG. 2005. Child deaths resulting from inflicted injuries: household risk factors and perpetrator characteristics. Pediatrics 116: e687-e93
WHO. 1999. Report of the consultation on child abuse prevention, 29-31 March 1999, WHO, Geneva, World Health Organization
Browne K, Pinheiro P. 2006. Violence againist children in the home and family. In World Report on Violence Against Children: Secretary General's Study on Violence against Children
Salim Rayman RDH M, Dincer E, Khalid Almas B. 2013. Child abuse: concerns for oral health practitioners. New York state dental journal 79: 30
Abuse CoC, Neglect. 1999. Guidelines for the evaluation of sexual abuse of children: subject review. Pediatrics 103: 186-91
Tirali R, Yener O, Soydan S. 2015. Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmalinin Oral Bulguları. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi 24: 154-7
Garrocho-Rangel A, Márquez-Preciado R, Olguín-Vivar A-I, Ruiz-Rodríguez S, Pozos-Guillén A. 2015. Dentist attitudes and responsibilities concerning child sexual abuse. A review and a case report. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry 7: e428
Horozgil D. 2011. Çocukların cinsel istismarı suçunun basit şekli (TCK m. 103/1). Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi: 108-46
Sözen Ş, Aksoy E. 2011. Cinsel saldırılarda hekim sorumluluğu, tıbbi ve hukuki yaklaşım. Birinci Basamakta Adli Tıp: 202-16
Crow T, Cross D, Powers A, Bradley B. 2014. Emotion dysregulation as a mediator between childhood emotional abuse and current depression in a low-income African-American sample. Child abuse & neglect 38: 1590-8
Chapman DP, Whitfield CL, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Edwards VJ, Anda RF. 2004. Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of affective disorders 82: 217-25
Dupare R, Kumar P, Datta S, Dupare A. 2012. Identifying the dirty secret of child abuse through dentistry. Indian J Forensic Odontol 5: 11-6
UNICEF. Türkiye Temsilciliği. Çocuk istismarı ve ihmali.
AAPD. 2010. Child Abuse Committee: Definitions, Oral Health Policies and Clinical Guidelines. Definition of Dental Neglect,.
Reisine ST. 1985. Dental health and public policy: the social impact of dental disease. American Journal of Public Health 75: 27-30
Low W, Tan S, Schwartz S. 1999. The effect of severe caries on the quality of life in young children. Pediatric dentistry 21: 325-6
