İşletmelerin Uluslararasılaşmasına Yönelik Modellerin Ağ Yaklaşımı Bakış Açısıyla İncelenmesi
Özet
Bu çalışmada, işletmelerin uluslararasılaşmasını açıklamaya yönelik geliştirilen geleneksel modeller ve doksanlı yılların ortalarından itibaren literatüre girip, kuruluşu itibariyle kısa sürede uluslararası hale gelebilen işletmelerin uluslararasılaşmasını açıklayan küresel doğan işletme modeli; uluslararasılaşmanın işletmelerin içinde yer aldığı ağdaki diğer aktörlerle olan ilişkileri yoluyla gerçekleştiğini savunan uluslararasılaşmada ağ yaklaşımı perspektifinden değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı; uluslararasılaşmada ağ yaklaşımının, geleneksel modeller ve küresel doğan işletme modeli üzerindeki etkisini ve geçerliğini, ilgili literatür çerçevesinde kavramsal olarak tartışmak ve literatürümüze katkı sağlayacak alt yapı çerçevesini konuya ilgi duyanlar için görülebilir kılmaktır. Çalışma kapsamında, uluslararasılaşmada küresel doğan işletme modeli ile öncesinde gelişen geleneksel modeller, bağlam farklılıkları çerçevesinde değerlendirilmekte ve ağ yaklaşımı bu değerlendirmeye entegre edilmektedir.
Referanslar
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Coviello, N. E., & Munro, H. J. (1995). Growing the entrepreneurial firm networking for international market development. European Journal of Marketing, 29(7), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090569510095008
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Referanslar
Aldrich, H., & Ellen, A. (1986). Even dwarfs started small: Liabilities of age and size and their strategic implications. Research in Organizational Behavior, 8, 165–198.
Aldrich, H., & Zimmer, C. (1986). Entrepreneurship through social networks. California Management Review. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1497761
Andersen, O. (1993). On the internationalization process of firms: A critical analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 24, 209–231. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490230
Andersen, P. H. (2006). Listening to the global grapevine: SME export managers’ personal contacts as a vehicle for export information generation. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.10.006
Anderson, J. C., Hakansson, H., & Johanson, J. (1994). Dyadic business relationships within a business network context. Journal of Marketing, 58(4), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/1251912
Andersson, S., & Wictor, I. (2003). Innovative internationalisation in new firms : Born globals - The Swedish case. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 1, 249–276. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024110806241
Atlı, H., & Kartal, B. (2014). Küresel doğan işletmelerde girişimcinin bireysel özelliklerinin erken uluslararasılaşmadaki rolü. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 39(Ocak), 145–158.
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Belso-Martínez, J. A. (2006). Why are some Spanish manufacturing firms internationalizing rapidly? The role of business and institutional international networks. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 18(3), 207–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620600565409
Bembom, M., & Schwens, C. (2018). The role of networks in early internationalizing firms: A systematic review and future research agenda. European Management Journal, 36(6), 679–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2018.03.003
Bilkey, W. J., & Tesar, G. (1977). The Export Behavior of Smaller-Sized Wisconsin Manufacturing Firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490783
Blankenburg, D. (1995). A network approach to foreign market entry. In K. Möller & D. Wilson (Ed.), Business Marketing: An Interaction And Network Perspective (ss. 375–411). Boston, Dordrecht, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Brüderl, J., & Preisendörfer, P. (1998). Network support and the success of newly founded business. Small Business Economics, 10(3), 213–225. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007997102930
Cavusgil, S. T. (1980). On the internationalization process of firm. European Research, 8(6), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1038/242427b0
Cavusgil, S. T., & Knight, G. (2015). The born global firm : An entrepreneurial and capabilities perspective on early and rapid internationalization. Journal of International Business Studies, 46, 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2014.62
Cavusgil, S. T., & Knight, G. A. (2009). Born Global Firms. New York: Business Expert Press.
Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., & Riesenberger, J. R. (2012). International Business: Strategy, Management and the New Realities (Second edt.). Pearson.
Çavuşgil, S. T., Knight, G., & Üner, M. M. (2011). Türkiye’de Küresel Doğan İşletmeler. Ankara: Detay Yayınları.
Çelik, A., Danacı, T., & Onay, M. (2015). Uluslararasılaşmanın markalaşmadaki iti̇ci̇ gücü: İnci̇ Akü üzeri̇ne bi̇r çalışma. Marmara Üniversitesi Öneri Dergisi, 11(43), 47–69.
Chetty, S., & Blankenburg Holm, D. (2000). Internationalisation of small to medium-sized manufacturing firms: A network approach. International Business Review, 9(1), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-5931(99)00030-X
Chetty, S., & Campbell-Hunt, C. (2004). A strategic approach to internationalization: A traditional versus a “born-global” approach. Journal of International Marketing, 12(1), 57–81. https://doi.org/10.1509/jimk.12.1.57.25651
Chetty, S. K., & Wilson, H. I. M. (2003). Collaborating with competitors to acquire resources. International Business Review, 12(1), 61–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-5931(02)00088-4
Cook, K. S., & Emerson, R. M. (1978). Power, equity and commitment in exchange networks. American Sociological Review, 43(5), 721–739.
Coviello, N. E. (2006). The network dynamics of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(5), 713–731. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400219
Coviello, N. E., & Cox, M. P. (2006). The resource dynamics of international new venture networks. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 4(113), 113–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-007-0004-4
Coviello, N. E., & Munro, H. J. (1995). Growing the entrepreneurial firm networking for international market development. European Journal of Marketing, 29(7), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090569510095008
Coviello, N., Kano, L., & Liesch, P. W. (2017). Adapting the Uppsala model to a modern world: Macro-context and microfoundations. Journal of International Business Studies, 48(9), 1151–1164. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-017-0120-x
Coviello, N., & McAuley, A. (1999). Internationalisation and the smaller firm: a review of contemporary empirical research. Management International Review, 39(3), 223–256. https://doi.org/10.2307/40835788
Coviello, N., & Munro, H. (1997). Network relationships and the internationalisation process of small software firms. International Business Review, 6(4), 361–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-5931(97)00010-3
Czinkota, M. R. (1982). Export Development Strategies: US Promotion Policies. The International Executive. New York: Praeger. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.5060070408
Ellis, P. D. (2000). Social ties and foreign market entry. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(3), 443–469.
Ellis, P. D. (2011). Social ties and international entrepreneurship: Opportunities and constraints affecting firm internationalization. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(1), 99–127. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2010.20
Ellis, P., & Pecotich, A. (2001). Social factors influencing export initiation in small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(1), 119–130. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.38.1.119.18825
Fina, E., & Rugman, A. M. (1996). A Test of internalization theory and internationalization theory: The Upjohn Company. MIR: Management International Review, 36(3), 199–213. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199405000-00013
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure : The problem of embeddedness. The American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481–510.
Håkansson, H., & Snehota, I. (1995). Developing Relationships in Business Networks (1. edt.). London and New York: Routledge.
Harris, S., & Wheeler, C. (2005). Entrepreneurs’ relationships for internationalization: Functions, origins and strategies. International Business Review, 14(2), 187–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2004.04.008
Hordes, M. W., Clancy, J. A., & Baddaley, J. (1995). A primer for global start-ups. Academy of Management Perspectives, 9(2), 7–11. https://doi.org/10.5465/AME.1995.9506273262
Johanson, J., & Mattsson, L. G. (1988). Internationalisation in industrial systems - A network approach. In Hood and Vahlne (eds), Strategies in Global Competition (pp. 287–314). London: Croom Helm. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137508829.0011
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (1977). The internationaliztion process of the firm-a model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.2307/254397
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (1992). Management of foreign market entry. Scandinavian International Business Review, 1(3), 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0962-9262(92)90002-N
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (2003). Business relationships learning and commitment in the internationalization process. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 83–101. https://doi.org/10.1023/A
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. (1990). The mechanism of intenationalisation. International Marketing Review, 7(4), 11–24.
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. (2009). The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(9), 1411–1431. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2009.24
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